Waste Management Plan

Promoting We will compose a custom contextual analysis test on Waste Management Plan †Archivision explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Site Description Architecture firm Archivision has involved a little place of business, deliberately situated on a principle street that develops traffic in any event, during available time. Being on a vital situation in a modern territory makes the structure alluring to other office inhabitants, however the structure the board, alongside its poor waste administration, has made possessing less appealing in light of this transitory natural issue confronting them. Trash assortment is wrong while the firm delivers a lot of paper and ink squanders, also the food squander and from different exercises in the kitchen and in the suites. Archivision involves 18 out of 24 suites, which use PC printouts for their work. The building’s two-level structure fuels the circumstance since it has just one rest room and a kitchen office for all tenants of the structure. The structure proprietor, the Body Corporation, has no worry for squander the board incompletely because of absence of assets to adapt to the expanding waste, or they have left it to the tenants to settle the issue. There is a smidgen of still, small voice be that as it may, in light of the fact that the proprietor doled out a janitorial administration organization to clean the kitchen, bathrooms and foyers, purported mutual regions, just once a week. The suites are under the occupants’ obligations, where they need to clean and accumulate their garbage and gather them for a typical waste canister, arranged down the vehicle leave. The contracted organization gathers the trash once per week. One thing more regrettable is that there is no reusing procedure, and the city worker discards all the rubbish in a similar way. The inhabitants have such an extensive amount paper refuse, writing material, ink, other strong waste and lunch squander, which ou ght to have an isolation and reusing process, however are simply left there and blended in a typical trash holder. The standard procedure of discarding squanders incorporates gathering the garbage from the normal waste container, gathered each Friday, and there is no different methods for reusing or reusing the materials from the suites. These materials are possible 3R materials (reuse lessen reuse) since paper and ink can be reused and utilized for other purposes.Advertising Looking for contextual investigation on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Body Corporation stresses much for different issues and sees things not the occupants’ ways, who need to settle the issue of waste administration so they can continue with different business exercises without the idea of ecological issues they may have caused. Justification for squander evaluation The tenants need to settle this issue of waste ad ministration regardless of whether it might cost them a piece. The issue is of vital significance. They need to help make a perfect domain and limit spending on writing material and office supplies. They need to accomplish something and organization new waste administration measures. Archivision produces paper and ink squanders, which can be illuminated with straightforward waste administration strategies, or reuse forms. Indeed, even straightforward paper reuse can help lessen the expanding paper refuse accumulating under their tables and in their little canisters. The firm’s customers worsen the circumstance via heedlessly tossing their trash underneath the tables. Their suites are not adequate workplaces; rather they present a grimy picture for their firm. The arrangement requires an arrangement and a procedure, considering the circumstance and the couple of partners influenced by this basic natural issue. This procedure ought not give a lot of cost and worry for the inh abitants, yet should be a methodical procedure that will require little exertion and ought not influence their standard office forms. Indeed, it should support them, as it were. Technique The organization Archivision doled out a group to lead a straightforward office request and give a sensible waste administration plan. The shared waste canister gave thought of the measure of strong waste gathered ordinary and each Friday. The representatives gave information of their particular squanders created, to incorporate the printout and the ink squanders, the water plastic jugs, and the lunch squanders. Meetings prompted some data, supplies were determined, and proposed reserve funds from the reusing plans came up. Solicitations followed the normal figures for month to month supplies for paper, ink, and water bottles.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual analysis test on Waste Management Plan †Archivision explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The group needs to respond to the accompanying inquiries: Do representatives use supplies appropriately? What amount of the assets go to squander? Are there approaches to spare and add to organization reserve funds? What amount can be spent and what is to be spared? The group delivered approximates, and diminished the particular and precise sums on tables to introduce a correct administration plan for the 18 suites, for example for the normal week and the greatest creation week (weeks where they have the most number of customers). After breaking down these figures, their inspiration took off. They would now be able to deliver an extensive administration plan that gives less expense and even add more cash to their reserve funds. The representatives can even add these sums to their stipends. The waste-supervisory crew introduced these month to month gracefully figures. Thing Quantity Cost A4 Paper 2 Ream (1000 pages) $9.98 A3 Paper 6 Reams (3000 pages) $107.88 Bottled Water 8 Packs (192 jugs) $64.00 Ink Cartridge 4 Black $159.90 *Quantities depend on normal month to month figures Waste age rates Waste age alludes to the measure of waste delivered by the suites and the surmised comparable in dollars. The staff determined the expense of the paper, filtered water and ink utilized in a normal month and the month with the most business exercises. Through conversations, the staff created the sensible value equal. Appeared in the table beneath are the paces of the produced squanders, from which source and the amount, and the expense in dollars.Advertising Searching for contextual investigation on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Normal Wastage Item Quantity Cost A4 Paper 0.5 Ream (250 pages) $2.49 A3 Paper 2 Reams (1000 pages) $35.96 Bottled Water 8 Packs (192 jugs) $64.00 Ink Cartridge 1 Black $39.98 $142.43 *Quantities depend on squander for a normal month Maximum Wastage Item Quantity Cost A4 Paper 1 Ream (500 pages) $4.99 A3 Paper 3 Reams (1500 pages) $53.94 Bottled Water 8 Packs (192 containers) $64.00 Ink Cartridge 2 Black $79.96 $202.89 *Quantities depend on squander for a most extreme use month The figures are estimated computations, which can change every now and then, contingent upon the measure of squanders produced from the suites. In view of these figures, the staff shaped their straightforward Waste Management Plan. By and by, there is one waste canister at the stopping region and a contracted organization discards the substance of this container. The trash charge of $500 is fixed and included into the suite expenses, which is separated by 24 (for the quantity of suites). Since just 18 rooms ar e consumed, the six rooms charge must be deducted. The proprietor is ceaselessly under grievance from inhabitants and from concerned ecological gatherings from its lack of concern to natural issues tormenting the territory. The structure needs satisfactory waste administration and the proprietor would not give out a couple of dollars from their pocket to give a little answer for the developing ecological issue. Results (pictorials and meetings) from Waste Management Analysis Suite 20 †Archivision, the inhabitant Suite 20 †Archivision Wasted printer paper stacked beneath printer Used ink cartridges General waste assortment canister General waste assortment receptacle Communal dump container for the whole structure The pictures and portrayal give us a short foundation of the ecological issue confronting the structure and the tenants. The improper trash assortment has restricted the spaces in the workplaces, or given no place for the representatives to carry out their respons ibility, and the workplaces have become dumping containers without anyone else. The common canister can't oblige the mounting trash created from the suites. Examination of Results Waste from the 18 set-ups of Archivision is developing. The measure of waste is huge and must be managed promptly and fittingly. Squander originates from PC print outs, plastic containers, and food. Minor changes don't require a lot of exertion, however basic arrangements can include the workers and the Body Corporation. To start with, we need to concentrate on the paper printouts, the cartridges, and the water bottles. We can limit print outs by decreasing mistakes in administrative work. A few representatives heedlessly print their work without applying a lot of exertion in adjusting their work; or they right their work after they have printed them, which is a misuse of material and power. Exploring and rectifying before printing can lessen paper print outs and ink cartridges. The pre-owned paper can l ikewise be reused or reused, instead of promptly tossing it to the junk receptacle. We can use in taking notes or for other straightforward purposes before they can be tossed out. Paper reusing reuse is probably the most straightforward methods of decreasing extraction of crude materials from our condition. We can likewise give the waste paper to reusing organizations for proper removal. Reusing waste paper is a respectable objective since we will get the opportunity of limiting cutting of trees that we use in paper make. Then again, we have data that the printer cartridges can likewise be reused, however they must be come back to the producer for legitimate removal. It is smarter to gather the cartridges as opposed to thr

434Mod1Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

434Mod1Case - Essay Example Frequently digital morals instruction depends on one huge hypothesis or blend of two speculations. The two significant hypothetical methodologies are teleological and deontological hypotheses. Teleological speculations states action’s results to be a proportion of action’s great. Then again deontological speculations consider action’s uprightness to be above goodness. Utilitarian establishment is a piece of teleological hypotheses. This establishment expresses that activity of an individual ought to have the option to expand bliss and useful for all who are influenced by such activities. It features the factor that activities of an individual ought to be founded on likely outcomes that might be come about by the activity before it is been executed. This hypothesis asserts that an individual should consider every single individual and not simply individual taking a choice. Deontological hypothesis is a moral examination dependent on obligations. It believes obliga tion and devotion toward guideline to be most fundamental components (Gold, 2010). This hypothesis expresses that an action’s results are not that significant in contrast with rightness of the activity. According to this hypothesis an activity is supposed to be substantial if moves that are made by people don't prompt any type of logical inconsistency. The fundamental idea of this hypothesis is that people should work as indicated by their insight and uprightness; act evenhandedly, should tell truth and maintain a strategic distance from any type of injury towards others. Both the hypotheses have various components which express the significance of digital morals. This type of instruction has picked up its significance in the ongoing years where taking music or video is viewed as comparable to real burglary. Understudies are made mindful about the diverse digital wrongdoings and its effect on others (Starr, 2011). Data innovation in the current situation has offered freedom t o people to get to different information yet additionally it has represented a danger to one’s security. In American schools

Great Events in History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Extraordinary Events ever - Essay Example Dissimilar to of strict convictions, there is no appropriate meaning of equity in Quran and in this way my comprehension depends on Muslim understanding of equity. My perspective on equity is additionally mostly receptive since I firmly accept that no framework is impeccable to manage all the unpredictable circumstances the world is confronted with. Men are the most leaders with regards to issues of Islamic equity despite the fact that we are similarly influenced by the results of the choices they make. I emphatically accept that profound quality and morals are the underlying foundations of all malice in the general public and the cure can without much of a stretch be found in the otherworldly characteristics. Life is consecrated by Islam henceforth ought not simply be removed without legitimate allegation past any sensible uncertainty. This in this way suggests life must be removed on the setting of equity and law and no other thought (Abou and Cohen 71). The soul of the Muslim corr ective code is to secure lives and advance equity and not the other way around the same number of others and religions have attempted to paint it. Quran enactment for capital punishment on account of homicide, absolution, and empathy are emphatically empowered and the homicide casualties are given a decision to either demand capital punishment or exculpation the miscreant and acknowledge remuneration. The demonstration of spreading evil over the land on issues that are for the most part identified with disaffection, fear mongering, theft, assault, infidelity, and gay conduct can likewise result to the death penalty as indicated by the Muslim confidence (Khadduri 102). The techniques for discipline fluctuate here and there however the basic ones in Saudi Arabia incorporate terminating crew, hanging and executing. Executions are held openly places to go about as a notice to the individuals who may consider rehashing such acts in future that their days are numbered. Vigilantism has no spot in Islamic culture and one must be appropriately sentenced under the Muslim laws that require severe proof guidelines before the death penalty is forced on anyone. The demonstration of homosexuality is profoundly denied by my religion on the premise that it conflicts with the common request in which God made people. In the social scene, it carries annihilations to the family set up since no two individuals of a similar sex have the likelihood to mate and offer ascent to a rich posterity. The devotees of Muslim confidence should neither take an interest nor bolster such demonstrations of gay either tangibly or mentally at record-breaking of their lives. We accept that everything has been made two by two and such, individuals should profit and build up a relationship dependent on the other gender and not same sex connections. Matching of the guys and the females is a piece of human instinct and the common request that ought to be advances in a socially touchy society (Khan 11). T he Quran underpins the connection between a spouse and husband as a relationship that supports love, delicacy and backing and I firmly accept that such characteristics can barely be found on same sex connections. There is discipline for demonstrations of gayism as indicated by Islam yet there is no lawful judgment for the individuals who feel the gay motivation yet are hesitant to follow up on them. Following up on gay inclination is an ill-conceived notion that is sentenced and dependent upon lawful discipline that shifts from prison term to capital punishment. The utilization of misogynist, supremacist, and homophobic language is restricted by my customs, culture, and religion. We unequivocally accept

Limiting the Narrative This is Not a Romance - Literature Essay Samples

Half of a Yellow Sun by Chimamanda Adichie is a literary tour de force that examines Nigerian culture through the lens of three main characters. The novel focuses on violence and the familial relationships of core characters over a significant period of time, the Biafran War. Some of the fundamental issues that Adichie focuses on is the way femininity and masculinity are performed though these specific characters and how these roles are treacherous and sometimes devastating to relationships and morality. The film representation of Half of a Yellow Sun lacks focus on the subjection of women as inhuman beings, the nature of masculinity as portrayed through sexual violence, and the dichotomization of men and women into separate spheres; by distorting the narrative to fit the lens of Olanna the film is unable to portray femininity and masculinity as a structure of culture and power like Adichie does in the text. In the film Ugwu is fascinated with Olanna as a sexual being and intimidated by her intellectual prowess. In contrast, in the novel Ugwu is obsessed with the sex to the point where rape becomes a reflective fantasy of the cultural impact of his surroundings. His growth within Odenigbo’s house challenges some of his ideas about masculinity, as both Olanna and Odenigbo are intellects and strong willed in their own sense, but Adichie writes Ugwu’s narrative as if it’s a naturalistic text; Ugwu’s environment has a stronghold on him to the point where he barely makes it out alive. When he is captured and forced to fight his fellow soldier quips, â€Å"Target destroyer, aren’t you a man† (458)? When he is captured and forced to participate in a genocide of someone else’s making he is also forced to perform sexuality in a way that he never has before. Ugwu’s role as a man is defined by the sexual nature that intertwines with masculinit y in the text. Ugwu’s sexuality is developed as a reflection of Odenigbo and Olanna’s relationship as he continuously overhears their sexual encounters and begins to develop his own understanding of sexuality through them. In Odenigbo’s house he cooks and cleans and Mama, a woman who believes heavily in superstitions and defined and not fluid gender roles, chastises him for wanting to work in the domestic sphere. Ugqu is berated on all sides, in the text, his character arc is shaped by his tendency to survive against the overwhelming forces of sexual violence and obedience to the cultural definitions of masculinity. In the film Ugwu is seen as a quiet observer, all of his actions portray him as a loyal servant of Odenigbo and a passive friend of Olanna. Ugwu’s shy nature and ambivalence is a clear marketing choice that the developers of the film implemented to polarize characters into two categories; good and evil. By doing this the writers uncomplicated the narrative and give the audience clear emotional triggers for sympathizing with Ugwu as he is innocent, loving, and shy. Ugwu’s restructured narrative gives him little influence over the audience, he becomes a stable stronghold in the story of Odenigbo and Olanna, but does little if anything to show the crusade that is coming of age in Nigeria during the Biafran War. In the novel, Richard seeks to become a part of Nigeria, by learning the language, claiming the land as his own, and writing about the world around him. His outlook on Nigeria is in direct opposition of Susan, who believes that the people around them need to be civilized and more than that, colonized. Early in the text, Richard is taken to parties as the trophy boyfriend of Susan, Adiche explains, â€Å"[Richard]†¦didn’t even mind when a pasty-faced drunk woman referred to him as Susan’s pretty boy† (66). This sense of emasculation is crucial to the development of Richard’s character. He is emotionally invested in Nigeria and he wants it to be a part of his identity, but his impotence limits his ability to create a family in this new place. His only way in is through his attachment and love for Kainene, who he continuously maintains an imperfect connection with through his adultery and inability to perform sexually. Nevertheless, Richard’s desi re to avoid being othered leads him to proclaim ownership of Kainene and Nigeria. Richard states, â€Å"This was a new start, a new country, their new country† (211). His power to take ownership of Kainene and, further, to write himself into history, gives him control and power that is neither shown nor expressed effectively in the filmic version of Half of a Yellow Sun. In the film Richard is reduced to a secondary character, only seen and perceived as an extension of Kainene. Like Ugwu, he becomes a caricature of a sensitive and tragic artist. Richard’s only viable moment of perceived impotence is when Olanna must take over the driving responsibilities when the pair are searching for Kainene who has gone missing. The forced focus on family in the film diminishes the overwhelming narrative of masculinity that Adiche highlights, and even more so with Richard, it generates a narrative about romance and family rather than ownership and power. By presenting the film through Olanna’s lens, the film lacks the multitude of perspectives that Adichie emphasizes is crucial to understanding and witnessing different cultures as an outsider. Olanna becomes the protagonist but her growth as a character is strictly limited to the romantic narrative between her and Odenigbo and the small focus on her relationship with her sister. By ignoring the large amounts of sexual violence in the film, the writers were unable to delve deeper into the narratives of sexuality that Adichie focuses on in her book, specifically the liminal sexuality of women. Viewers of the film only get a very objective look into the sexuality of the characters that is only exposed as loving or primal, no one’s body becomes a political battleground for power like it does in the text. Kainene explains to Richard, â€Å"They display slabs of meat on tables†¦.my sister and I are meat. We are here so that suitable bachelors will make the kill† ( 73). Kainene relates the lives of women to that of animals whose only purpose is to serve others, to be killed and consumed by someone else. Amala is the perfect example of this consumption as Mama, supposedly used bad magic to attract Odenigbo to Amala in order to further her lineage. The text clearly focuses on Olanna’s struggle with pregnancy, but the film barely, if at all, emphasizes her fertility. A crucial moment that was omitted from the film was Amala’s attempt to abort her fetus after she is raped by Odenigbo. Amala explains the process, â€Å"‘if you eat plenty of hot peppers, they will remove pregnancy.’ She was huddled in the mud like a pathetic animal† (300). Amala’s desire to rid her body of the child and thus dissipate Odenigbo’s lineage is perceived as both primal and detrimental to the drive towards the future, especially if she was carrying a son. The impact of placing romance in the foreground and, essentially, elim inating Kainene’s full narrative does not allow for room to explore Kainene and Olanna’s relationship in relation to gender roles, violence, and power. As Zoe Norridge points out in her article Sex as Synecdoche, there is a tangible narrative of sex and violence that is, at times, a heavy force that weighs on many characters within the novel; Ugwu in particular. The film restricts this narrative of sexual violence, and in doing so, does not offer a harmonizing conclusion to the violence surrounding these characters. In the novel, Olanna is able to redirect this violence that she witnesses and turn it into a shared bond between her and Odenigbo. Norridge writes, â€Å"Through Odenigbo’s tenderness she is able to access a sense of the sadness, the horror of her cousin’s probable rape, mutilation, and death† (28). The film is a weak attempt at synchronizing the categorically western ideals of the symbiotic happy ending leads to forced dichotomies that Adiche avoids within her text. The film offers too many good guy/ bad guy scenarios which generates a false understanding from the viewer. By limiting the complexitie s of the narrative, and reselling the plot as a whitewashed love story in the midst of war, the film falls into the trap media marketeering towards a mainstream audience. In the film there is no moral ambiguity, there is only good and evil. In the novel Adiche presents story that navigates perspectives of race, gender, and power; and throughout the novel there is no moral high ground there is just life as she presents it; a callous and naturalistic hint at reality.

Are Studies in Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Research...

In today’s modern society accustomed to technology, multiple types of advancements have been made from things such as medicine to something basic as a cell phone. One of the most unacknowledged yet productive methods that has become a possibility and surpasses our expectations is the process of genetic engineering and stem cell research. These studies have proven to be a beneficial part to the way people could live and how they could approach life-threatening diseases. When similar studies are first discussed and publicized they appear to not only be impossible but immoral, similar to Victor Frankenstein and what he accomplished; giving life to a creature of his own. Though the creature was recognized as a horrendous monster, it revealed†¦show more content†¦Recombinant DNA molecule are DNA sequences that result from the use of laboratory methods to combine genetic material from multiple areas, creating sequences that arent commonly found if not absolutely impossible to be produced in biological organisms. Recombinant DNA is possible because DNA molecules from all organisms function under the same chemical structure; they differ only in the sequence of nucleotides within that identical overall structure. Victor Frankenstein made one of the most technological advancements of his time and created life. Victor shows his excitement for his creation when saying, â€Å"A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. No father could claim the gratitude of his child so completely as I should deserve theirs† (Shelley 73). Victor Frankenstein recognized what he was doing at first during his work as a good thing as he thought that he could change humanity with his experiment. His thoughts were to make a being that could surpass others and that could promote the survival to people. He brought parts together to enhance one another such as stem cells to make a superior individual that would bring rise to a new life style. Victor Frankenstein brought something utterly new to the world as he noticed the positives ofShow MoreRelatedBiotechnology : Genetically Modified Foods1698 Words   |  7 Pagesprocesses of living organ isms to develop products, systems or environments to be beneficial for humans. Biotechnology has been used by humans to produce staple foods since the beginning of civilisation. The domestication of plants and animals and the use of microorganisms to make cheese, yoghurt, bread, beer and wine are examples of early uses of biotechnology. 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Reader Response For The Kite Runner - 1348 Words

Reader Response for The Kite Runner Section 1- Writing Style: Khaled Hosseini, author of The Kite Runner, is most definitely different than other authors. He uses strong, detailed words that may be difficult, at some points, to understand. His use of vocabulary is rather challenging for me. The more use of challenging vocabulary, in my opinion, makes the book even more interesting. Now, I’m not a big fan of reading, but after reading this book, I had found an interest in reading more challenging books like The Kite Runner. Not knowing a word can change the whole scene by finding out what it actually means. Now, Khaled uses a wide variety of figurative language to grab your attention. Khaled Hosseini uses mainly similes, metaphors,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Children aren’t coloring books, you don’t get to fill them with your favorite colors.† (Hosseini 21). Now, Khaled uses tone to describe what is happening in the scene. â€Å"His eyes flicked to me. I wanted to laugh for some reason. Or scream. I brought the ball of my hand to my mouth and bit on it. Baba laughed softly through his nose.† (Hosseini 162). In this moment, Amir is very excited with Baba because he is calling the general about Soraya. Amir has a little thing for Soraya, by which later in the novel, she becomes his wife. The text in this novel was pretty straightforward, you just have to identify the figurative language that the author uses, because he uses a lot of it to make the book more challenging. He also uses a lot of dialogue. My personal favorite is a passage from the end of the novel. â€Å"It was only a smile, nothing more. It didn t make everything alright. It didn t make anything all right. Only a smile. A tiny thing. A leaf in the woods, shaking in the wake of a startled bird s flight. But I ll take it. With open arms. Because when spring comes, it melts the snow one flake at a time, and maybe I just witnessed the first flake melting† (Hosseini 371). 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Public Health Policy on Childhood Obesity †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Public Health Policy on Childhood Obesity. Answer: Public Health Policy on Childhood Obesity Obesity is a condition where fat has accumulated in excess in the body to the extent where it may have adverse effects on health. The National Institute of Health defines obesity more precisely as a Body Mass Index of 30 and above. Childhood obesity is accumulation of excess fat primarily in children. In the contemporary society, the number of cases of childhood obesity have risen to epidemic levees both in developed and developing countries (Abel, 2016). This is a matter of key concern since in childhood is known to have impact both psychological and physical wellbeing. According to Sun, Mensah, Azzopardi, Patton and Wake (2017), obesity in childhood is likely to persist in to adulthood and is known to increase the risk for non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases at a younger age. There are several factors that contribute to obesity. These include the environment one lives in, lifestyle preferences and even culture. Generally, excess intake of fat and/ or sugar is implicated in development of obesity. Extensive research suggests that a combination of the mentioned factors (excess caloric and fat intake) combined with decreased physical activity are the major contributors to obesity (Baum, 2016). In addition to affecting the physical and psychological wellbeing, childhood obesity could have profound effects on a childs social life, self-esteem and poor academic performance. This essay is going to discuss a health policy on childhood obesity, provide a brief description of the same, explain why the policy is important in health and outline the measures to be taken to enforce it. Description of the Policy The aim of the policy of the policy will be to reduce the number of childhood obesity cases given their potential detrimental effects to health. The policy contains three distinct measures whose implementation would see a decline in the cases of obesity in childhood. The three are explained next. First, is imposing an excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages. The nutrient composition of sugar is almost 100% simple carbohydrates. Nutrition experts refer to such a food as containing empty calories, that is, their major contribution in the body is calories. Research has demonstrated that nutrient dense rather than energy dense foods contribute to healthier individuals. On the contrary, energy dense foods such as sugar sweetened beverages are known to be risk factors for obesity. Imposing an excise duty on these beverages would mean that their price will rise. Consequently, the purchasing power of consumers will be lower. The result is fewer purchases. Lower consumption would lead to reduced risk for developing obesity. There would also be a higher likelihood of consuming zero-calorie beverages which do not have significant caloric content as pose health risk. The second component of the policy is a ban on fast food television advertising targeting children. Most fast foods are energy dense. They contribute high caloric intake. The knowledge a person has about a certain product influences their attitude about it. Attitudes on the other hand influences practice. Advertisement on fast food is usually presented as attractive enticing to attract attention. Most children fall prey of the adverts contributing to purchase (Laws et al, 2015). When a ban is imposed on such adverts, children will no longer be exposed to them and potentially reduces purchase and consumption of fast foods. This is because, they will have little knowledge of such foods. Thirdly, the policy should require settings where children are mostly found to provide healthy foods and have an environment that promotes physical activity. These settings include schools, childrens sport facilities and child-care settings. A standard could be set for such settings to ensure that this is maintained. When the environment promotes a healthy diet and physical activity, the incidence of obesity lowers. Importance of the Policy to Health Obesity in childhood is one of the greatest t public health challenges faced in the 21st century. It is a global concern affecting children in all regions of the world especially the low and middle-income countries. The most affected areas are the urban settings. The prevalence of childhood obesity has risen at an alarming rate over the years. According to Ludwig (2018), over 41 million children below the age of five were obese in the year 2016. About half of these lived in Asia while one quarter lived in Africa. There are several factors that contribute to obesity and are generally categorized in to three. These are genetic factors, lack of physical activity and unhealthy eating patterns. This policy comes in handy to reduce the incidence of childhood obesity. This move can impact the health children positively in several ways. Several of these benefits are going be discussed next. First, is reduction in the number of childhood onset non-communicable diseases. Childhood obesity has been implicated in development of chronic illnesses among children (Shanahan et al, 2015). These diseases include type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some types of cancers. These diseases were traditionally known to affect adults but conditions such as obesity make them prevalent among children. When a child develops a chronic disease, chances are that the disease will persist to adulthood. The cost of managing the conditions can be high and most of a households oncome could be channelled to medical bills. To make the matters worse, this will happen for a lifetime. This policy potentially prevents such cases. It contributes to ensuring a healthy child and consequently a healthy adult via prevention of the non-communicable diseases. Secondly, is improved self-image and quality of life. Children with obesity usually have a low self-esteem and do not like how they look. An impaired self esteem significantly affects the quality of life. The child is likely to feel inferior to others and of little worth. This may result in isolation, and in some cases depression. This is double tragedy since in addition to having the obesity, the child has another psychological problem. According to Duckett and Willcox (2015), the society also tends to criticize obese people and treat obesity as personal choice. The general population assumes that obesity is a result of negligence or failure to eat healthy foods and physical exercise. The environment is full of criticism which may make a child feel like they dont belong to it. This further aggravates the psychological problem the child is undergoing. In some cases, especially near adolescent, the child may suffer from eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa (Cyr il, Polonsky, Green, Agho, and Renzaho, 2017). This further pose health problems. The policy again comes I handy to prevent obesity and in extension reducing the cases of the above mentioned psychological problems. The third potential health benefit is achievement of an increase in healthy eating patterns and improved physical activity. The body utilizes the nutrients from the food we eat for provision of energy, growth and repair and other important bodily functions. When the diet is healthy and contributes all the necessary nutrients, the body maintains optimum functioning (Huang et al, 2015). The policy further ensures that a standard will be set to ensure that the dietary needs of the children are put in to consideration. Children have their own unique needs. In addition to promoting intake of healthy foods, the policy also ensures physical activity. Physical activity and fitness has numerous health advantages to a child. For instance, it is associated with a lower risk to non-communicable disease, improved immunity and improved performance in class. The fourth way in which the policy is important to health is through protecting the child from manipulation by food processing companies whose main motive is profit with little interest in health implications. Most food industries make foods that will be appealing to the customers to make more sales (Jenson and Fraser, 2015). For a food to be appealing it should stimulate the appetite of the consumer. Sugar and fat are some of the most ingredients that improve the palatability of a food leading to stimulation of appetite. These foods (mostly fast food) are also ready to eat and therefore the easier alternative when hungry. The manufacturers have also mastered the art of how to entice children to take these foods via massive investment in advertising. The advertisement usually represents the food as very appealing and attractive capturing childrens attention. The result is that children will demand the food. Unknowing parents may buy their children these foods out of love and care. Li ttle do they know that continued consumption has negative health consequences in the long run. To prevent deterioration of health via consumption of fast foods (are not nutrient dense), the policy seeks to ban advertisement of such food particularly those that target children. The fifth and final way through which the policy contributes to healthier individuals is via reduced intake of sugar sweetened beverages. Such beverages have very high caloric content. Since they are sweet, a child will be tempted to drink more. Most manufacturers also contribute to excessive consumption by making larger quantities of the drink cheaper. As Sabin and Kiess (2015) observes, consumption of high number of calories lead to accumulation of fat in the childs body which eventually may cause obesity. The policy comes in handy to prevent such cases. Imposing an excise tax on these beverages will reduce the purchasing power of consumers and potentially lead to lower consumption. There is also a likelihood to turn to zero calorie drinks which also sweet but do not significantly contribute to calories. In the long run, this move will see healthy children who will develop to healthy adults. Implementation of the Policy The main aim of the policy is to achieve reduction in the incidence of childhood obesity. Consequently, children become healthier. It is said that if a policy or law remains written on paper and nothing is done to enforce it, then the law is useless. It is analogous to using a toothless dog for security and expecting maximum protection. It is paradoxical. Therefore, for the aim of the policy to be achieved, it must be enforced. The next few paragraphs discuss some of the ways through which this policy can be enforced. One is making legislation requiring taxation of sugar sweetened beverages. The principal target of such legislation should be discouraging the use of sugar. Health impacts of excessive sugar consumption have been explained above hence the need for such a law. The legislation could further make things better by also imposing tax on any amount of added sugar in food. For instance, a tax of 25% of the price could be imposed on the total amount of sugar added to the beverage or any food. The goal would be to discourage use of excess sugar in food products. Such a move would leave the manufactures with no choice but either increase the prices or reduce the amount of sugar used in the products. Either of these would lead to decreased consumption of sugar, which is an advantage when it comes to health. The legislation can also include taxation on food ingredients that contribute to obesity such as saturated fat. To promote consumption of healthy foods, the legislation can offer incentives o n healthy foods. This way, obesity could be potentially eradicated in the long run. The second method educating both children and their care givers on the importance of healthy lifestyles and the implications of childhood obesity. Most children and parents/caregivers are unaware of the implications that the lifestyle they lead have on their health (Brownell and Walsh, 2017). When information is provided to them via education, they become empowered and could adopt healthier lifestyles. Offering such education could be done through various means. Some of these means are going to be discussed next. One is through the television. This is a great avenue to reach children and their caregivers since it has a wide coverage. Measures should be put in place to ensure that only information that is factual is provided via such media. The tragedy is that most of such media propagate nutrition information as a mixture of truths, half truths and gossip. When measures are put in place to ensure that only scientifically sound information is provided, a paradigm shift could be attain ed in terms of improved dietary and health behaviour. The result is healthie children and reduced cases of childhood obesity. The other media platforms that such information can be provided is the print and electronic media. Using a variety of media ensures wide coverage. Another way to ensure this policy is making it mandatory that children be taught about the causes, consequences and strategies to prevent childhood obesity in schools. When a child is taught about the negative health consequences, they are likely to make better food and lifestyle choices from childhood and all the way into their adulthood (Hayes, Chevalier, D'Souza, Baur, Wen and Simpson, 2016). The teaching should ensure that children understand that obesity in childhood could persist to adulthood and provide prevention strategies. Including these studies in their curriculum would make them equipped to make better and healthier lifestyle choices. Consequently, the cases of childhood obesity decline. The last measure to be discussed will be making legislation requiring that systems where children are mostly found provide healthy foods. These systems include schools and childrens sports facilities. In addition to ensuring that healthy foods are offered, the legislation should require that such environments favour physical activity. Such legislation could set a standard indicating the class of nutrients that foods offered must provide. The legislation could also set the minimum sporting and gaming activities a school should support for it to be licenced. For instance, it could be required that each school possess a playground to ensure physical fitness of students. When the measures mentioned above are put in to place, the affected parties have no choice but to comply with the legislation. The result is healthier eating habits, increased levels of physical activity and reduced incidence of childhood obesity. Conclusion In conclusion, there has been a great rise in the cases of childhood obesity in the last few years. Obesity is accumulation of excess fat in the body and has been implicated in several health problems. Childhood obesity increases the risk for developing non-communicable diseases such as diabetes type 2. In addition, it could deteriorate the psychological and social wellbeing of a child. The main causative factors of obesity are divided into 3. These are genetic, environmental and food related factors. The cases of childhood of obesity reached over 41 million in the year 2016 and the number is projected to increase. For this reason, it is an issue of great public health concern. A policy could be put in to place to ensure that the cases decline and achieve healthier children. This policy should require a tax be imposed on sugar added beverages to discourage their consumption; impose a ban on all television advertisement relating to fast foods and targeting children and require that he althy foods be provided in systems where children are mostly found. In addition, such systems which include schools should have environments that encourage physical activity. To implement this policy, a few measures could be put in place. These include: making legislation requiring taxation on sugar added to beverages or even other foods; carrying out education campaigns via the various media platforms such as electronic and print media; introducing teaching of causes, consequences and prevention of obesity to children in schools and making legislation requiring institutions where children are found to provide healthy foods. References Abel-Smith, B. (2016).An introduction to health: policy, planning and financing. Routledge. GThe new public health(No. Ed. 4). Oxford University Press. Brownell, K. D., Walsh, B. T. (Eds.). (2017).Eating disorders and obesity: A comprehensive handbook. Guilford Publications. Cyril, S., Polonsky, M., Green, J., Agho, K., Renzaho, A. (2017). Readiness of communities to engage with childhood obesity prevention initiatives in disadvantaged areas of Victoria, Australia.Australian Health Review,41(3), 297-307. Duckett, S., Willcox, S. (2015).The Australian health care system(No. Ed. 5). Oxford University Press. Hayes, A., Chevalier, A., D'Souza, M., Baur, L., Wen, L. M., Simpson, J. (2016). Early childhood obesity: Association with healthcare expenditure in Australia.Obesity,24(8), 1752-1758. Huang, T. T., Cawley, J. H., Ashe, M., Costa, S. A., Frerichs, L. M., Zwicker, L., ... Kumanyika, S. K. (2015). Mobilisation of public support for policy actions to prevent obesity.The Lancet,385(9985), 2422-2431. Jenson, J. M., Fraser, M. W. (Eds.). (2015).Social policy for children and families: A risk and resilience perspective. Sage Publications. Laws, R., Campbell, K. J., Pligt, P., Ball, K., Lynch, J., Russell, G., ... Denney-Wilson, E. (2015). Obesity prevention in early life: an opportunity to better support the role of Maternal and Child Health Nurses in Australia.BMC nursing,14(1), 26. Ludwig, D. S. (2018). Epidemic childhood obesity: Not yet the end of the beginning.Pediatrics, e20174078. Sabin, M. A., Kiess, W. (2015). Childhood obesity: current and novel approaches.Best practice research Clinical endocrinology metabolism,29(3), 327-338. Shanahan, D. F., Lin, B. B., Bush, R., Gaston, K. J., Dean, J. H., Barber, E., Fuller, R. A. (2015). Toward improved public health outcomes from urban nature.American Journal of Public Health,105(3), 470-477. Sun, Y., Mensah, F. K., Azzopardi, P., Patton, G. C., Wake, M. (2017). Childhood social disadvantage and pubertal timing: a national birth cohort from Australia.Pediatrics, e20164099.

Ipl Strenght and Weakness Essay Example

Ipl Strenght and Weakness Essay The bidding process for the eight franchises that will compete in the Indian Premier League has officially begun with the release of the prospectus for the inaugural Twenty20 competition beginning in April 2008. The tender inviting bids for the franchises will be announced sometime in December. Potential franchisees can submit bids for more than one city-team and must state the total fee they are offering for a franchise for the first ten-year term. The auction of players will immediately follow the awarding of the franchises. The prospectus also laid out the manner in which the IPLs revenue would be shared with the franchises. The franchises will receive 80% of the television revenue over the first two years, 70% in the third and fourth years, 60% between years five and ten, and 50% from the 11th year onwards. In addition, they will also receive 60% of the sponsorship revenue during the first ten years, after which they will receive 50%. Of the total amount to be distributed, 20% will be divided based on the final league positions of the franchises while the other 80% will be shared squally. The IPLs distribution model, which is based on their current forecasts for the first contracts for centralized television and sponsorship agreements, should be adjusted should the forecasts change. The competition comprises 59 matches and spans 44 days with each franchise playing the other on a home and away basis. The top four teams qualify for the semi-finals, the winners of which will contest the final. The two finalists will in turn qualify for the Champions Twenty20 tournament, which has been provisionally scheduled for October 2008. We will write a custom essay sample on Ipl Strenght and Weakness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ipl Strenght and Weakness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ipl Strenght and Weakness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Each franchises squad will have a minimum of 16 players and no more than four international players, drawn from the pool of contracted players, may play in a particular match. Four Under-21 players and four players from the franchises catchment area must also be part of the squad, though these can be the same players. Our first round-up of the IPLs finances shows the league generated $209 million in revenue in its second season, for an aggregate operating profit (earnings before interest, taxes and depreciation) of $89 million. The average franchise is worth $67 million, a 31% increase in just one year. The Rajasthan Royals, winners of the leagues first championship, has risen in value by 71%. This despite the uncertainty and logistical headaches caused by moving this years entire 59-game slate, including the final, to South Africa with only three weeks notice. (After terror incidents, the Indian government was anxious about providing security as parliamentary elections coincided with the month-long season. The IPL was conceived in 2007 near some hallowed ground for sports: in Londons Wimbledon suburb. There, Lalit Modi, representing the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), the governing body of Indian cricket, and Andrew Wildblood, an executive at sports management powerhouse IMG, discussed the disconnect between crickets worldwide popularity and the lack of commercial success of any domestic league. Their solution: a franchise ownership structure modeled after top U. S. sports leagues. Since then , the league has grown at breakneck speed. In January 2008, eight IPL teams were auctioned for a combined $724 million (to be paid in 10 annual installments to the nonprofit BCCI, an umbrella for the IPL). Just three months later, the Redskins First Ladies of Football were flown in to shake their pom-poms at the sold-out opener. Proceeds from the auction, as well as portions of national media and sponsorship deals, are reinvested, mostly in Indias aging (as far back as the 19th century) cricket stadiums, including some of the 10 rented by IPL teams for $100,000 per match. How successful was that first season? The 2008 semifinals and final drew 62 million viewers in India, with a per-match average of 11% of the nations total cable audience. In the months that followed, Modi, now IPL commissioner, opted out of TV deals with Sony and World Sports Group, risking nearly $1 billion of guaranteed payments over the next nine years. The gamble paid off, to the tune of a 98% annual increase from those broadcast partners, both of which deemed the IPL too valuable a property to lose. One reason the league is so TV-friendly is its format: Matches are held under Twenty20 rules that speed up each contest to about three hours (a traditional cricket match can last days, with tea breaks). The format is sweeping cricket worldwide. Revenue from TV, mobile and digital rights deals totaled $100 million for the latest season, of which teams split an 80% share equally. They also divvied up 60% of the $40 million in league sponsorships, including a cool $10 million from the leagues title sponsor, DLF, Indias largest real estate firm, and $5. million from motorbike maker Hero Honda. Despite playing 5,000 miles away, Indian companies actually increased spending on team sponsorships, which grew by 60% to a collective $60 million. Ground staff scurried to change signage before every match so that none of the floating teams advertisers were underrepresented. Ticket sales did not go as smoothly. The move led to a 75% drop in gate receipts, as prices were slashed to fill up stadiums to make the product more appealing on TV. That must have worked: This year, the finals telecast reached 24% more viewers in India than in 2008. Even Modi is surprised by how quickly the league has grown. At the beginning there were not many bidders who were conscious of the fact that the league would succeed, and they had to bid on total blind faith. There was no history, everybody was writing against it, there was no support for it, he says. Then the first season averaged 58,000 fans per match (80% more than a typical Major League Baseball game), and new investors clamored to climb aboard. In February, an ownership group that includes Lachlan Murdoch, the son of media baron Rupert Murdoch, sold a minority stake in the Rajasthan Royals to investors fronted by actress Shilpa Shetty in a deal that reflected the rapid value appreciation. Just last year, the Royals were auctioned for a league-low $67 million over 10 years. While speculation about the IPLs long-term viability drove prices down at the franchise auction, the leagues early success has now translated to unrealistic valuations in the other direction. Not helping is a misguided study frequently cited by cricket officials that calls the IPL a $2 billion business. Perhaps one day, but certainly not yetour cumulative valuation amounts to barely one-fourth of that. Our survey of franchise values is determined by multiples of revenue from continuing operations, except in cases where teams are on the verge of gaining additional money and exposure. Example: The Delhi Daredevils will play for a share of a $6 million purse in the inaugural Twenty20 Champions League this fall, on top of receiving $500,000 just for participating in the tournament. Since up to half of team revenue is accrued by dint of gate receipts, local sponsorships and merchandisingrevenue streams of which teams share little with the leaguemarket size plays a major role in making some franchises more valuable than others. Take the Mumbai Indians, who play before a robust corporate base in Indias largest city. The Indians are the IPLs most valuable team, worth $80 million for the owner, oil and gas giant Reliance Industries and company chairman and largest shareholder Mukesh Ambani, Indias wealthiest man. Sensing Mumbai as the IPLs signature brand, akin to the English footballs Manchester United or baseballs New York Yankees, companies from outside of India, like Adidas ( ADDDY. PK news people ) and MasterCard ( MA news people ), have been quick to sponsor the team. Over two seasons, Mumbais $43 million in revenue tops the IPL. Some of the IPLs cachet comes from its owners: Khan uses the resources of his film company, Red Chillies Entertainment, to promote Kolkata and expand the teams reach into new markets. His strategy is paying off. Polls consistently rank the Knight Riders as Indias most popular team, and theyre already more valuable than two teams that were sold at higher auction prices only a year and a half ago. Such hands-on management is a far cry from the Stanford Super Series, the defunct Twenty20 competition between the English national team and all-stars from around the West Indies that was bankrolled by alleged Ponzi schemer R. Allen Stanford and thought to be competition for the IPL. Instead, after only one year, the SSS joined an alphabet soup of failed cricket ventures, including the IISC, WSC and APC. Cricket has been played internationally for 165 years and was once a contest at the Olympics. With 104 nations as members of crickets governing body, its one of the most popular sports in the world. But before the IPL, professional leagues had never truly been run as a business. Most leagues around the world are operated by nonprofit entities and teams owned by athletic clubs with thousands of members; often, making money is a low priority. Says Donald Lockerbie, chief executive of the USA Cricket Association, [English cricket] is as traditional a sport as there is. Its essentially a club membership drive. National teams have always been crickets top draw. But private franchise ownership coupled with the commercial possibilities of the new, abbreviated version of the game in Indias cricket crazed marketplace has upended the sports established order. Its also made Modi into crickets most influential (if polarizing) figure, for whom profit always trumps tradition. A brash and charismat ic promoter, hes the subcontinents answer to Don King. In April he hired around-the-clock security after reportedly receiving death threats from the mob, the gambling operations of which stood to take a hit from the season moving to South Africa. Unfazed, Modi is already laying the groundwork for the IPLs next chapter. We plan to have another shorter [season] that will move around the world, with a main league that will stay in India, he says. Another plan to boost league coffers is to add more teams. IMGs Wildblood projects expansion as early as 2011 with the IPL adding one or two more squads. Unlike in the early days, bidders will have a sense of the leagues long-term prospects. I think a lot of people discounted the fact that there was any value, Modi says. Not anymore.

Should we discuss cyber communities as real communities Essay Example

Should we discuss cyber communities as real communities Essay Example Should we discuss cyber communities as real communities Paper Should we discuss cyber communities as real communities Paper The internet has become an everyday part of life for the majority of the contemporary society who have the technology and knowledge to access it, and as such new groups known as cyber or virtual communities have developed, living and growing on the world wide web, expanding simultaneously as is evident with real physical societies found in our everyday lives. Is it ok then to discuss these in the same context as each other, or are they entirely different incarnations of human interaction that should be separated and therefore discussed at different ends of the equation that is community? I want first to take a brief look at the history of the Internet, and how it offers the chance for cyber communities to develop. I will hopefully identify a framework for these cyber communities, which I will use to compare them against real life communities and then discuss the similarities and differences and so be able to draw a conclusion as to whether the two types of communities are able to be discussed in the same context. The Internets first appearance was in 1969 with the ARPANET computer network, run by the US Defense Department. The US Government was interested in creating a network that could withstand a nuclear attack. This system was the primary component of the super network that would eventually become the Internet. The first event of the Internet that we know today was in 1974, when Vint Cerf and Bob Khan defined the transmission control protocol (TCP) and Internet protocol (IP) by which information could be packaged addressed and sent to various destinations along a computer network. In 1983 this TCP/IP based Internet was launched across the USA, and has since developed to todays standards, of a global network of 43 million interconnected computers (Gauntlett 2000). Presently, Internet technology enables several forms of interactive networking among users, including traditional activities suggestive of geographic communities, such as town meetings, exchanging information, discussing problems, and informal chatting. Forms of these communities include; Email, Multi-user Dimensions (MUDs), Chat channels (rooms) Conferencing systems/ Bulletin Board Systems (BBS)/ Information Services. These are just a handful of the most popular communication techniques widely available on the Internet. Access to the Internet and these services is provided through commercial Internet Service Providers (ISPs) such as America Online (AOL) that offer a range of member services in addition to Internet access. The WELL provides a vivid example of the capability of online groups to facilitate sustained and meaningful interaction among members. ( harvardlawreview. org/issues/112/7_1586. htm#fn35 Accessed 23/04/03) The WELL is a large conferencing system, centered in the San Francisco Bay area; it was established in 1985 and has grown to become a vibrant online community where many topics and aspects of everyday life are discussed (Gauntlett 2000). Howard Rheingold has been actively interested in the topic of virtual (cyber) communities since the early days of the Internet and especially the topic of the WELL, I will use examples taken from his book The Virtual Community and other scholars of the subject to help analyze the idea of the cyber community and its links to real communities. At this point I would like to clarify exactly what I mean when talking about community, and what the definition of a community is in the context of this essay. I will use a simple definition, often accustomed to the debate about virtual communities. Aaron Davidson states When Internet critics speak of community, they refer to the definition of community as a group of people who live together in close physical proximity, I will refer to this type of community as a Classic Community. The more general essence of community is a group of people, which share a common interest. This more flexible definition encompasses both physical communities as well as more intangible communities such as special interest clubs and online communities (http://spaz. ca/aaron/school/online. html Accessed 20/04/03). This definition of community translates that a classical real life community is a group of people who are geographically local to each other and so form bonds due to location and not necessarily interests, such as street parties, or communal bonfires and firework shows. The non-classical internet community is when people group together in a non-physical text based platform due to a common interest on a certain subject, such as a military vehicle web ring or music group discussions. Taylor (1982) states the core attributes that are (or should be) possessed by all communities to some extent are, common beliefs and values, direct and many-sided relationships between members, and reciprocity and communication. While shared values and beliefs generally promote communication, the presence of communication does not necessarily result in shared values. This has a key implication for the creation of cyber communities as unlike real life communities people accessing them do so for the topic, such as health, music or films and through this shared affinity for the subject communication is initiated, while some might access purely for communication and not information, they are going to try and generate conversation within the topic range they are interested in (Rheingold 2000). I will now try to categorize a framework of characteristics that would be associated with a cyber community, and how these differ from their real life counterparts. I located several definitions from different writers on the characteristics, which an online community has, but they all seem to be able to be grouped together under five headings. The first is that they are spatial, in that they are not restrained by geography, the community is able to be built and developed not only on a national scale but more on an international scale now, and not just within the close geographical proximities experienced by real world communities. They are developed around an understanding or appreciation of a topic, which brings people together, which may or may not have known each other prior to the discussion, while real life communities are often forced together either through the location of residence or through working ties. Virtual communities such as the WELL for example grew within a region of America (San Francisco Bay) but to become a member you dont have to live in San Francisco to participate in the community and the building of bonds within it (Rheingold 2000). The second is that virtual communities are asynchronous, in that communication doesnt have to take place in real time, unless the community is built within a chat room environment, but even in this environment they often facilitate the use of a message board for users to access. Messages and information can be posted and replies received days later (Castells 2001). For sustained communication to take place in the real world at least two people are needed at the same time, even if not at the same location via telephone. Third due to the lack of data able to be sent the communities are predominantly text based. For decades, online communities were built with nothing more than unformatted text. Web-based media bring inline graphics, animations, video, sounds, formatted text, and links into the conversation, creating a more dynamic ability to communicate with other users, and therefore enhancing the community being developed (Jones 1997). Real life communities are able to be built not just on text (speech) but also through the use of paralinguistic features, these non verbal gestures help to add meaning, and the impact of a face to face discussion is amplified due to facial features which are not evident in the computer world, but can be expressed as text (Jones 1997). The Fourth characteristic is that they are astigmatic, in those physical attributes such as race, gender, and physical impairments, which would often locate an individual in certain social standings in real life, are not present on the c yber communities. Religion is also not an important issue in virtual communities. These aspects not only shape our social standing but can inhibit our involvement in social gatherings and communal events simply because we are not aesthetically matched, but in the virtual world these impairments, and characteristics do not affect our acceptance and do not need to be made public unless the individual chooses to do so. People whose physical handicaps make it difficult to form new friendships find that virtual communities treat them as they always wanted to be treated as thinkers and transmitters of ideas and feeling beings, not carnal vessels with a certain appearance and way of walking and talking (or not walking and not talking) ( eff. org/Net_culture/Virtual_community/slice_of_life. article Accessed 22/04/03). The fifth key feature of a virtual community is that the members of a virtual community are anonymous from each other, unless they choose to meet in person. Unlike in real life where face to face interaction leads to people being able to recognize outside of the community environment, while community members on the virtual plain would not recognize each other if passing in the street. This ability to remain anonymous from other users offers virtual citizens the ability to create their own virtual identity and mold their appearance as they see fit, playing out fantasies online (Castells 2001). This can be seen with a quote from the blockbuster movie The Matrix where Neo and Morpheus are discussing the Matrix and how it offers Neo and the users the chance to portray their residual self image, the mental projection of your digital self as Morpheus quotes to Neo. This is the same in a virtual community where members are able to portray themselves as they wish others to see them; whether truthful or false the anonymity provided by the virtual community allows freedom from physical flaws present in their real life personas (Jones 1997). That was the five key characteristics identified by many people as to what makes a virtual community different from a real life example. Another characteristic that is evident with online communication is the fact that it can be conducted on a many to many basis. This is different from the format of few to many associated with a broadcast, or one to one such as telephone conversation. Virtual communities offer groups of people the ability to communicate with many others simultaneously. A brief over view of the characteristics of a virtual community shows as that they are not bound by geography, but are bonded together by interests and bonds formed through these interests. Communication doesnt have to be undertaken in real time, and is predominantly text based. No physical or religious pre conceived prejudices are experienced as members are able to remain anonymous from each other in the real world and so any physical attributes or religious beliefs are made public to fellow members through the free choice of the individual. Finally communication can be carried out on a many to many interaction with lots of people contributing to the discussion if and when they feel they should. The difference between real life and cyber (virtual) communities are evident then, but is this the end of the discussion as to whether they should or shouldnt be classed as real? Possibly the most significant aspect of these more mainstream uses of the Internet is not their status as alternative communities, but the opportunities they offer for individuals to supplement their lives in real world communities ( arvardlawreview. org/issues/112/7_1586. htm#fn35 Accessed 20/04/03). Cyber communities are often seen and categorized in this way as an extension of our communal lives and that they extend our real life communities to new levels. Ray Oldenburg (1991) states that there are three essential places in every persons life, the place they live, the place they work, and the place they gather for conviviality. Virtual communities can fulfill the role of the third place re-matting the fabric of community spirit, which has been lost in the modern real world where community bonds are being eroded. The ability to network, gain knowledge, or find communion within cyberspace is, according to Rheingold (2000), the social glue that binds formerly isolated individuals into a community ( well. com/user/hlr/texts/VCcivil. html Accessed 22/04/03). I tend to agree with this finding that cyber communities do not stand-alone but are interwoven with our real life communal experiences, and so I feel to a certain extent they should be discussed as real communities, but with an air of caution when doing so. The key difference between the cyber and real community is the context of the plain they are built on, whether it being physical or virtual. They both exist together with real world topics being the basis for many of the interactions experienced within there cyber counterparts, further leads me to the view that they presently only fulfill the role of enhancing or communal lives in real life. The key similarity between the two community environments is the constant communication, forming links and bonds, however the initiation process in cyber communities is also different. In traditional kinds of communities, we are accustomed to meeting people, then getting to know them; in virtual communities, you can get to know people and then choose to meet them. In some cases, you can get to know people who you might never meet on the physical plain (Rheingold 2000). The point that cyber communities can exist as asynchronous is contested by Jones (1997), saying that synchronicity when users interact at the same time such as in a chat room, the occupants are less interested in the topic but more so in the individual doing the talking, less interested in text than in community. This offers the argument that not all communication on the internet is communal, and only the real time chat room environments when people discuss and form real time bonds with one another in quick fire conversations does the feeling of community really exist. From my experiences on the Internet and especially in chat rooms I would have to agree with this. When I post a message on a guest book or message board, I dont get a feeling interaction with others, but within the environment of a chat room I am able to build bonds, and return to them at later dates with a sense, if only small at first of knowing the other users of the room. Jones (1997) also accounts for this and the issue of free riding, where he quotes Ostrom (1990) identified free riding as the key threat to community formation and well-being, free riders being surfers of the Internet who do not participate in the community but simply use it for its resources. I have outlined here some of the theories and thoughts offered on the subject of cyber communities and I want to know draw them all together and conclude this writing. For cyber communities to be discussed in the same context as real world examples there is the point that they offer the user a sense of belonging, albeit a different one from the real world. They also incorporate a large amount of people, all communicating and sharing experiences with each other, which is the same as in the traditional physical communities. Cyber communities are built around a shared value or interests, you are able to choose to join the community or not, you are not forced into it through work or residence. This point offers the question of how strong the bonds are between the people, simply because they have a shared interest in a certain topic, the commitment to one another in the cyber realm compared to the real world is a lot weaker, as Jones (1997) states, in the book, Virtual culture. People who communicate via words on a screen dont necessarily share the same level of commitment to each other in real life as more traditional communities. Communities can emerge from and exist within computer-linked groups, but that technical linkage of electronic personae is not sufficient to create a community (Jones 1997). Howard Rheingold states brilliantly one of the key advantages of partaking in a virtual community, life will be happier for the on-line individual because the people with whom one interacts most strongly will be selected more by commonality of interests and goals than by accidents of proximity(Rheingold 2000). For the feeling of community to exist the key attribute identified through my study is the need for sustained communication between the members. I will use the following quote from The Electronic Frontier Foundation website to sum up the conclusion of this study. When a group of people remains in communication with one another for extended periods of time, the question of whether it is a community arises. Virtual communities might be real communities, they might be pseudocommunities, or they might be something entirely new in the realm of social contracts, but they are in part a response to the hunger for community that has followed the disintegration of traditional communities around the world ( ff. org/Net_culture/Virtual_community/slice_of_life. article Accessed 20/04/03). Therefore cyber communities are real communities, they are very similar, where links and bonds are formed in a non-physical environment, and that these cyber communities should be discussed in the same context as real life examples but not separately but as an extension of our physical communal lives.

System operation management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

System operation management - Essay Example This is a picture that extends to other sectors of the economy, whether it is the tourism industry, where some tourists get guidance from a digital tour guide, or one that is physically present. In the production sector, the use of computers in the process gets more prominent by the day (Katz & Koutroumpiz 2012). This section of the paper examines the importance of digitization to the manufacturing sector. The manufacturing industry forms the largest source of revenue for many economies in the world, especially first world economies (Friedrich et al. 2011). As mentioned earlier, the production industry has been privy to rapid digitization over the past few decades. This means that there is the use of intelligent machinery in place of human labour. Economists all over the world have had debates on the consequences of this. This is because, even though digitization means a more sophisticated production process, there is the fact that the introduction of intelligent equipment to the pro duction chain implies that there are fewer jobs for human labourers (Karim et al 2013). Despite this negative consequence of digitization, the positive implications of a digitized manufacturing industry are vast. ... This for the manufacturing industry means higher rates of production at lower costs (Sabbagh et al. 2012). In addition, machines can work for longer periods than human labour can; hence, the increased levels of production. Secondly, digitization in the manufacturing industry has revolutionized the method by which companies communicate with customers and stakeholders, and how they create brands (Karim et al. 2013). In the second economy, companies have learnt to rely more and more on social media for service production. One way in which this is made possible in the manufacturing industry is by providing avenues for customers to voice their opinions on certain products on social media, for example, on twitter. This enhances communication with the necessary clients and works towards building a brand. Another way in which the digital economy proves useful for communication is by providing consumers with the option to order custom-made products from manufacturers and, therefore, enhance c ustomer satisfaction (Sabbagh et al. 2012). Another advantage of a digitized economy over a physical economy is the way in which digitization has revolutionized operations. It is said that in America, one in four workers engage in telecommunication while at work (Katz & Koutroumpis 2012). Across the world, members of different companies have a means through which they reach workers in other continents. The effect that this has is that it increases competition between various organizations. In addition, companies are able to outsource some of their functions to companies in far away locations. This enhances efficiency across the manufacturing industry. Digitization is important for each aspect the manufacturing industry. In production, the

Evidence to Critically Discuss the Potential Consequences of Essay

Evidence to Critically Discuss the Potential Consequences of Implementing ERP Systems - Essay Example into a single information system5, ensure that financial data is consistent with other departments on a real-time basis6, improve resource planning, enhance the integration of global and supply chain system, and requires less computer applications7. Most of the routine accounting tasks will no longer be necessary8. Therefore, it is expected that there will be lesser cost on hiring accounting staff. Furthermore, the use of ERP can help reduce the risk of data redundancy. Therefore, problems related to financial integrity is possible. Due to the fact that real-time financial data will be available anytime of the day, managers can easily make important business decisions9. Despite the advantages of implementing ERPs, the use of this technology can be very costly because of the need to maintain and upgrade the system, hire additional consultants and technical experts who can convert existing data and customize the system based on the nature of business10. Aside from the need to re-train people on how to maximize the use of ERP system, the company also need to consider the need to change their normal business process. 11. Implementing the use of ERP could result to lesser accounting personnel by eliminating routine jobs12. Because of fear of losing their job security, implementing ERP increases the risk of creating resistance-to-change among its people13. As a result, there is a risk wherein internal problem such as work-related attitude and behaviour would arise. How the Role of Management Accountants Change when ERPs were Introduced Ever since the ERP has been introduced in the market, the role of management accountants has been subject to a lot of changes. Instead of focusing on pure book-keeping practices, management accountants who are obliged to use the ERP system are expected to play the role of an â€Å"internal consultant† to the business14. It means that management accountants should one way or the other serve as the financial adviser of the company. Through the use of ERP system, the future book-keeping would definitely become automated in terms of data collection15. Even though management accountants are expected to retain their knowledge in book-keeping, the future role of management accountants is not limited to having a vast knowledge and understanding about the basic business management theories and practices but also strive hard to improve their communication skills, interpersonal skills, consulting skills, IT skills, and ability to work in team16. Associated with the implementation of ERP system, the line managers are somehow expected to play a significant role in the management of allocated financial budget17. To ensure that the management accountants will be able to allocate sufficient budget to line managers, the management accountants should be able to forecast necessary budget based on historical data18. One of the main reasons why management accountants should acquire sufficient knowledge and skills in business management is because of their need to constantly communicate and interact with a group of business managers with regards to several bu siness issues19. By doing so, management accountants will be able to gain better understanding on how different business indicators can be used in gauging the overall business performance. In the process of learning more about how the daily business operations work, management accoun

The American Electoral System Essay Example for Free

The American Electoral System Essay The American electoral system is essentially based on political efficiency and partial representation. Political efficiency may be defined as expedient balance between imminent interests. Partial representation means instructional politics. These two principles govern the interest-aggregation process, and in general, political dynamics in democratic countries. Background At the Constitutional Convention, the Virginia Plan was used as the basis for discussion and debate. The Virginia Plan called for the executive to be chosen by the legislature (by open ballot). Delegates from the majority of states agreed to this method of election. However, the so-called ‘Committee of Eleven’ formed to labor out details which included the mode of election of the executive. The committee recommended that the election be by a group of people apportioned among the states in the same numbers as representatives in the US Congress. This group of people would be chosen by each state, in a way determined by the Legislative branch. Gouverneur Morris explained the factors for the change. Among the factors were as follows: 1) fear that the president would be chosen by a small group of men who met regularly in ‘evening sessions,’ 2) equal parity among states, and 3) popular elections as mediums for extreme and irresponsible demagoguery. On the 6th of September 1787, the Convention approved the Committee’s proposal with some opposition from delegates who preferred popular election. The move was based on the belief that the state government must be a derivative of state sovereignty. As O’Neil argued: The theory of State sovereignty was assumed as true and valid by all states. The Massachusetts constitution of 1780 declares that the people of that ‘commonwealth have the sole and exclusive right of governing themselves as a free, sovereign, and independent State’ with certain limitations there laid down (3). The move was also based on reactionary ideology. Southern politicians feared that the ‘popular vote’ method would lead ‘waste of ‘ballot. ’ As O’Neil correctly observed: One reason, purely sectional, existed which made a popular election impossible. The slavery problem was an important element in the framing of any plan. The Southern states, with their system of slave labor, would be threatened with the loss of their relative influence in the nation, because a large portion of their population could not be trusted with the ballot (4). During the framing of the Constitution, the ‘electoral’ system was institutionalized, with its efficient guiding principles and framework. However, it was not without opposition. Some of the founding fathers opposed the move, declaring it as an offshoot of ‘aristocratic’ ordeal – the fruit of reckless political estimation. However, as O’Neil noted: A slight reflection, however, will convince them that this mode is in perfect harmony with the spirit of the United States Constitution. With the exception of the members of the House of Representatives, no person holding office under the United States government derives his appointment directly from the people (2). The Term ‘Electoral College’ The term ‘Electoral College’ was never used to describe the general vote of the electors. It was not until in the 1800s that the term ‘electoral college’ came into use as the shared designation for the electors chosen to cast votes for the President and Vice President. In 1845, it was formally written into law. The Nature of the Electoral College in its Early Conception. The composition, nature, and role of the Electoral College are defined in the US Constitution, prior to the passage of the 12th Amendment. Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the US Constitution states: Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. In Section 1, Clause 4, the Congress is tasked to determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall cast their votes. Note that the day shall be the same throughout the country. In Clause 3 of the same section, it is determined that: The President and Vice President were to be chosen by the electors. Unlike the present system, each elector voted for two people for President, rather than one vote for President and one vote for Vice President. To become President, a candidate had to have more votes than any other and must have received votes from a majority of the electors. After the choosing of the President, the person with the most electoral votes among the remaining candidates would become the Vice President. If no one received a majority of the votes, the decision would be made by the House of Representatives. The form of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions of the Framers of the Constitution: 1) each state should employ the district system of allocating electors, 2) independent judgment would be observed in the casting of vote of all electors, 3) candidates would not ‘pair together’ on the same ticket, and 4) the system would rarely create a winner, sending the election itself to Congress. The framers of the Constitution intended the Electoral College simply as a body that would nominate candidates from which Congress could select a President and Vice President. Each state government was free to have its own arrangements for selecting its electors. Revision With the rise of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns, the system complicated the 1796 and 1800 elections. In the 1796 election, John Adams was elected President, and Thomas Jefferson, Vice President. In 1800, Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied for the first place. Since all votes were for president, Burr’s votes were technically for him even though he was the party’s second option. The Congress remained deadlock for 35 ballots as neither candidate received the majority vote. To resolve the issue, Alexander Hamilton declared his support for Jefferson. Congress elected Jefferson President on the 36th ballot. To avoid this incident from occurring in the future, the US Congress proposed the 12th Amendment. Each elector could only cast one vote for President and one vote for Vice President. The 12th amendment superseded Article II, Section 1, Clause 3 of the Constitution. It was adopted in 1804. Constitutional Theory behind the Electoral System The founding fathers accepted the notion that the President and Vice President are elected as executives of a confederation of independent states. In short, in contrast to ‘popular election’ of members of Congress, the election of both the President and Vice President must be indirect. James Madison argued that the Constitution was created to be a combination of the state-based and population-based government. The US Congress should have two houses: the state-based House of Senate and the population-based House of Representatives. The President would be elected by a combination of the two methods. Madison was fearful of the growing cynicism of factions within the government. He defined faction as a group of citizens (either a majority or minority) who are united by some common or shared impulse of passion or interest detrimental to the rights of other citizens, in general, to the interests of the community. In Republican governments, factions would be generally curtailed because voter rights and powers are widely distributed. In short, the power of the faction would be lessened under a mixed-state set-up of government. In practice, this was short of impossible. As O’Neil noted: A sovereign nation and a limited national government were thought impossible. In rightfully opposing all projects of consolidation of the powers of sovereignty, they naturally fell into the error of opposing plan, which tended to the strengthening of the bonds of union, and the developing of a broader national spirit. Jealous opposition to the granting of too much power to the general government led them to oppose a plan electing a President which would make him the representative of the whole nation (4). Mechanics of the System When a citizen votes for a presidential candidate, that citizen is really instructing the electors to cast their votes for the same candidate. Suppose that the citizen vote for a Republican candidate. The citizen, in essence, is voting for an elector who will be ‘pledged to vote for the Republican candidate. The candidate who wins the popular vote in a state wins all the pledged votes of the state’s electors. Now, each state gets a number of electors equal to its members in the House of Representatives and one for each of its two senators. The District of Columbia gets three electors. State law determines how electors are chosen. In general though, they are selected by the political party committees within the states. A state with eight electors would cast eight votes. Currently, there are 538 electors. The majority vote is equal to 270 (requirement to be elected). In general, because Electoral College Representation is based on congressional allocation, states with larger populations get more Electoral votes. Suppose that none of the candidates win the required 270 electoral votes, the 12th Amendment require the election to be decided by the House of Representatives. Combined votes of each state are equivalent to one vote. A simple majority is required to be elected. It is possible for an elector to defect and not vote for the party’s candidate, because the Constitution does not require them to do so. However, such change in political attitude rarely affects the outcome of the election. In some states, ‘defector’ electors are prohibited from casting their votes. Nomination, Disqualification, and Meetings of Electors State political parties nominate candidates for electors months prior to the Election Day. The US constitution delegates to the state the authority for nominating and choosing its electors. In some states, electors are nominated through primaries. In some states, electors are nominated through party conventions. In other states, campaign committees of each candidate name their candidates for presidential elector. The Constitution prohibits person holding a federal office from being elected or appointed as elector. Note that a person who holds an office has sworn an oath to support the United States Constitution in order to hold either a state or federal office. When such person serves in the Electoral College, such individual is in theory rebelling against the United States. The congress though may remove this ‘function’ by two-thirds vote in each house. State legislatures determine how its electors are to be chosen. All states choose electors by popular election on the date specified by federal law. Forty eight states and Washington D. C. utilize the winner take all method – each awarding its electors as a single bloc. In other states, state legislatures select one elector within each congressional district by popular vote, and select the remaining two by statewide election. In the ‘short-ballot’ system, voters choose among a list of candidates for the associated elector. At present, only a few states list the names of the electors on the ballot. In other states, the voter is required to write-in names of candidates for elector. On Election Day, the electors meet in their respective state capital to cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for President and Vice President. Unlike the College of Cardinals, the Electoral College does not meet as one body. Congress has constitutional authority to regular the procedures in use. The election certification official opens the meeting and read the Certificate of Ascertainment. The document states the name of the chosen electors. Then, there is the selection of a president of the meeting. Sometimes, the electors choose a secretary, to take the minutes of the meeting. At the balloting time, the electors choose people to act as tellers. Each elector submits a ballot with the name of a candidate for President. The tellers count the ballots and announce the result. Then the casting of the vote for Vice President follows. After the voting is complete, the electors certify the Certification of Vote. This document states the number of electoral votes cast for both the President and Vice President. Copies are sent to the Senate President. Staff member from the Vice President collects the certificates for the joint session of Congress. The Certificates are arranged in alphabetical order. The Congress declares the winner of the election in the joint session. Conclusion The present electoral system of the United States is essentially based on the belief that the President and Vice President are executives of a confederation of independent states. As such, they cannot be directly elected by the people. The advantages of this system are quite obvious. First, it prevents the concentration of power in urban areas. Second, it maintains the federal character of the country. Third, it strengthens the status of minority groups. Fourth, it encourages political stability (political polarization). Fifth, it isolates election problems. And lastly, it maintains a clear line of succession. However, the system has not without criticisms. One criticism states that the electoral system destroys the essence of democratic vote, or in general, the true conception of popular sovereignty. A nation without true sovereignty cannot be nation, as what Burke would argue. In essence, the electoral system enhances the ‘aristocratic’ values of a predicated political system. Works Cited O’Neil, Charles. ‘The American Electoral System. ’ New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2007. The United States Constitution (and other documents). New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992.