Fashion and Semiotics Essay -- Sociology Semiology Symbolism

Ever since their invention many centuries ago, clothes have been used as a way of communicating. The message communicated relies on a number of factors including the social background of both the communicator and the receiver, and the context in which the message is communicated. Although at times the exact message or symbolism one is trying to portray may not be clear, it is evident that clothing has long been embraced as one of the best ways to project one’s desired personal image to those around them. For many centuries clothing was used namely as a form of symbolising one’s ascribed class and social honour. A good example of this was evident in Feudal European times when sumptuary laws were created in order to regulate and specify the clothing that could be worn by certain classes. In 1463 Edward IV went so far as to ‘[declare] that purple silk was to be the prerogative of the aristocracy’ (Finkelstein 1991, pg. 137). As purple dye and silk were both very expensive and sought after this declaration demonstrated quite simply that those who were in possession of such materials should command respect and were of high social standing. Eventually these laws were abolished as, instead of ‘confining people to their designated rank, the laws provoked an intense interest in fashion and a desire to transgress the codes, both in the process of prestigious emulation and as an act of rebellion’ (Craik, 1994, pg. 205). This abolition allowed groups and individu als to establish their own chosen style or ‘marker’ in order to indicate their place within society. By allowing such freedom, ascribed social status gave way to that which was achieved. This not only meant that many more people were able to engage in the ever-expanding culture of ‘Haute couture’ but also that honour was no longer perceived as a birth right but rather as something that could to be obtained. Such a shift in symbolism provided a way for those of not so noble a birth to portray themselves as the latter through a variety of means such as renting or stealing clothes and buying counterfeit copies (a common occurrence in today’s society also). In the late 18th century the Industrial Revolution occurred causing a huge shift in the ways in which clothing was produced and subsequently altering the ways in which clothing was perceived. For decades preceding industrialisation men and women of high so... ...o contextual influences and past experiences. Therefore it is almost impossible to pre-empt the ways in which others will perceive you. Over time ideas will change and therefore alter the ways in which we look back on past clothing choices. Whilst symbolism in fashion may no longer be subject to laws as it was in the 14th century or defined by strict social rules in the 17th century, the clothes we wear are still today subject to imposed social ideals. Apart from distinguishing one status group from another, a style of dress may also aid group cohesiveness, provide the individual with an identity and a feeling of belonging, and communicate the wearer’s attitudes and interests. The ways in which we interpret others and present ourselves for interpretation is the only true way that we can be individual. Symbolism in clothing may not seem as obvious or important nowadays as it was in times of extreme social bigotry, but it is still highly prevalent and has remained one of the most effective ways to project our desired image to those around us. ‘The state of a person’s clothes is synonymous with self respect and is a sign of responsibility’ (www. Pemberley.com/janeinfo/vebleis7.html)

Fiscal Federalism in Nigeria Essay

The question of an acceptable formula for revenue sharing among the component tiers of the Nigerian nation is one of the most protracted and controversial debates in the political and macroeconomic management of the economy. This debate has its foundations in the history and evolution of the Nigerian federation. â€Å"Revenue allocation or the statutory distribution of revenue from the Federation Account among the different levels of government has been one of the most contentious and controversial issues in the nation’s political life. So contentious has the matter been that none of the formulae evolved at various times by a commission or by decree under different regimes since 1964 has gained general acceptability among the component units of the country. Indeed, the issue, like a recurring decimal, has painfully remained the first problem that nearly every incoming regime has had to grapple with since independence. In the process, as many as thirteen different attempts have been made in devising an acceptable revenue allocation formula, each of which is more remembered for the controversies it generated than issues settled† Fiscal federalism refers to the scope and structure of the tiers of government responsibilities and functions as well as the allocation of resources among the tiers of government. Perhaps the most important issue of fiscal federalism is the revenue allocation formula, the sharing of national revenue among the various tiers of government (vertical revenue sharing) as well as the distribution of revenue among the state governments (that is, horizontal revenue allocation). The centralization of Nigeria’s fiscal federalism began with the report of the Dina Commission (1968) which argued that an appropriate revenue allocation system should result in a more equitable distribution of revenue among the states to achieve a balanced development of the federation. Revenue allocation can be described as a method(s) of sharing the centrally generated revenue among the different tiers of government and how the amount allocated to a particular tier is shared among its components. Nigeria is a federal state – under the federal system of government, federation or centrally-generated revenue is shared among the three levels of government, namely; the federal government, the states and the local governments. The theory of revenue sharing in a federal state is that each level of government receives an allocation of financial resources tailored to their specific requirements as defined by the mandate of legislative competence, their actual situation and the statutory indices of calculation. In Nigeria, decisions as to what proportion of centrally-generated revenue that would be retained by the federal government, the proportion that will be shared among the state governments and the proportion that will go to the local government has always been a problem, due to the fact that there is no consensus of opinion as to what could be seen as an ideal formula. The principles that guide the implementation of intergovernmental fiscal relations include: (a) The Principle of Diversity: The federal system must have the ability to accommodate a large variety of diversities. Hence, the fiscal system must provide scope for variety and differences to supply national, regional and local public goods. (b) The Principle of Equivalence: Based on the geographical incidence of different public goods, allocative efficiency requires the equalization of locational advantages arising from inter-jurisdictional differences with a combination of taxes and public goods and services. This requires the use of fiscal instruments for achieving macroeconomic objectives of growth, stabilization and full employment by residents of different geopolitical units; this requirement controls for what is often referred to as â€Å"central city exploitation thesis†. (d) Minimum Provision of Essential Goods and Services: This ensures that fiscal federalism guarantees all citizens, irrespective of where they reside, the minimum provision of ertain basic public goods and services. (e) Principle of Fiscal Equalization: In order to ensure a minimum level of public goods and services same degree of fiscal equalization is required. This is as a result of differences in resource endowment. (f) The Efficiency Principle: This principle implies that efficiency must be applied in the allocation of resources (g) The Principle of Derivation: The component units of a system should be able to control some of its own resources as they desire. h) The Principle of Locational Neutrality: Interregional fiscal differences tend to influence location choices of individuals and firms. Therefore, policy should focus on minimizing distortions due to some interference. Hence, differential taxes which create locational distortions should be avoided as much as practicable. (i) The Principle of Centralized Redistribution: This principle states that the redistribution function of fiscal policy through progressive taxation and expenditure programmes should be centralized at the federal level. That is, if the redistributive function is decentralized, it can result in distortions in location decisions. It should be noted that the above principles are not mutually consistent. There are several challenges and contending issues confronting intergovernmental fiscal relations in Nigeria: 1) Non – Correspondence Problem Ideally, each level of government should be given adequate resources to allow it discharge its responsibilities. Because this is not possible, there is usually a lack of correspondence between the spending responsibilities and the tax powers/revenue sources assigned to different levels of government. It is this incongruence that is often referred to as the non-correspondence problem. In Nigeria, most of the major sources of revenue come under the jurisdiction of the federal government yet lower levels of government are supposed to generate internal revenue. There is, therefore, the need to resolve the imbalance between assigned functions and tax powers. The issues concerning fiscal relations among the constituent units of the Nigerian federation that remain mostly unresolved are the divergence between assigned functions and tax powers, principle of horizontal and vertical revenue allocation, dependence of states and local governments on federal sources of funding, tendency towards concentration and federal presence in the states (Fadahunsi, 1998). The five principles currently applied in the horizontal revenue allocation formula are far from acceptable to all the stakeholders. 2) Fiscal Autonomy and Independence The issue of relative fiscal autonomy and independence of the state and local governments in a true federal structure goes with the corollary issue of the correspondence of governmental functions and revenue sources. Since the creation of the twelve-state structure in 1967, states and local governments have been excessively dependent on the Federation Account. This independence must be reduced if the federating units are to be free to pursue their own development goals without being hampered by the unpredictable fluctuations in their shares of the Federation Account. It is important that revenue sources should be reallocated and made compatible with the fluctuations stated for each tier of government to enhance steady and proper funding of administrative and developmental activities instead of the often experienced unexpected financial constrictions at the two lower tiers of government. 3) Oil Producing States, Oil Producing Local Government Administrative Areas or Communities Professor Omo Omoruyi in his treatise â€Å"the Politics of Oil: who owns the oil, Nigeria, states or communities† (2000) raised three salient questions on true ownership of oil in Nigeria. The question of local control over local resources is an established constitutional principle in federal systems. But the way the Nigerian federal system developed under the external colonial order (1954-60) and continued under the period of geo-ethno-military internal colonial order (1960-1999) and in the democratic dispensation between 1999 to date is yet an unresolved contending issues in the discourse about Nigeria’s federalism. He challenged the â€Å"Tripod† approach to Nigeria’s problem where the three major ethnic nationalities decide the content and the trend of national issues. This tripod approach to Nigerian politics, should have been done away with by now, with the introduction of the notion of ‘federal character’, which takes states in the federation as the units of representation. The tripod approach to Nigerian politics applies to how the oil, which comes from the non-majority areas, is approached in the political and economic discourse. We should also be aware of the feeling among the majority ethnic nationalities that the areas producing oil by virtue of powerlessness in the military and politics should not be allowed to lay claim to the oil from their areas as of right†. However, theres a distinction between oil producing communities and oil producing states. This is the basis of the activities of the Traditional Rulers of the Producing Communities who are dealing with the President and want the money due to states on the basis of the 13% derivation in the Constitution should be paid to the â€Å"oil producing communities/local government areas†. The Traditional Rulers’ argument is that â€Å"communities† own oil and not â€Å"states†. This is an unresolved issue and separates the communities in riverside areas directly affected by oil spillages from their compatriots in landed areas from enjoying the full benefits of allocations to producing states. One does not know the end of this argument. How should the National Assembly address this matter? The federal government should find a way of making the oil producing local government administrative areas as shareholders in the joint venture arrangements with the oil companies, thus making them stakeholders in the oil industry. There was the issue of who should be spending the oil money. Should it be the Nigerian government in conjunction with the oil producing areas? Should it be the oil producing areas alone? The Constitution from 1960 till after the civil war up till 1978 gave the right of ownership to the federal government but the proceeds were shared between the federal government and the regions or states on the basis of derivation like the agricultural crops. 4) Federation Account and the Derivation Fund It is important to define what constitutes the Federation Account – to which the various vertical revenue allocation formulae have been applied and what should be directly financed from it. Up to 1990, the amount accruing yearly to the Federation Account was still over 96% of totally federally collected revenue; but since 1991, when it first dropped to about 75% and nose-dived to around 35% by 1997, it showed no sign of recovery (Olowononi, 1999). It is therefore clear, that in such a situation, whatever the vertical formula applicable, there must still be a serious fiscal imbalance between the ederal government and the two lower tiers of government. It is crucial to redress this revenue imbalance in the spirit of balanced true federalism. What appears to account for this imbalance is the assertion of the self-claimed right by the federal government to finance various first-line charges from the Federation Account before the application of the vertical formula. The first-line charges include funding for external debt service, national priority projects, NNPC priority projects, special reserve account, and excess proceeds of the crude oil sales account, and in addition, the joint venture cash calls account. These deductions are made from the proceeds of crude oil sales before the derivation fund in the Federation Account is arrived at, and after which further deductions for special funds and the funding of the federal capital territory are made. It will seem more logical, with the exception of the joint venture case calls, that these various charges which are federal government obligations be financed solely from the federal government’s revenue proper, that is, from its share of the Federation Account or from its revenue from other sources. Therefore, in order to determine what constitutes the derivation fund, resolving the issue of the Federation Account is crucial. Thereafter, the derivation formula to be utilized can be arrived at. 5) Oil – Producing Areas and the Derivation Principle The crude oil production has been the most important economic activity in the Nigerian economy since the early 1970s is not subject to debate. Its impact is not limited to its contributing almost 90% of Nigeria’s total foreign exchange earnings but also to the fact that the national budgets are predicated on the expected annual production and price of crude oil.

Ethics Laws Of Conduct Of Society - 886 Words

We can say that Ethic are the rules of conduct of society , it has their origin in the Old Greece when the first philosophers wrote about a series of behaviors who might be follow for people in order to maintain a disciplinary and correct values. According to Dictionary.com: Is the branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions. There are then, a series of ethics rules in which health care personnel (hospitals, nurses, emergency clinic for mentioning a few) are to be followed to keep harmonic environment and respect for others. A situation in which would be unethical is if a nurse exceeds the scope of practice by entering in a room in harsh way, do not presenting itself to the patient, doing a bad practice and leaving the room non protecting private patient information. This kind of conduct especially the last one must be take very serious and even suspend the license of the nurse. As supervisor I would take very important the fact the team follows the legal and ethical responsibilities and suspend the nurse before more things happens since all health workers are required by HIPAA (Heath Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Public Law) to have knowledge of many legal and ethical issues concerning their individual field and health care in general since address the use and disclosure of individual’s health informationShow MoreRelatedCriminal Justice: Ethics and Integrity676 Words   |  3 PagesEthics and integrity are important to a police chief or county sheriff in a number of ways. First, ethics and integrity assist a police chief or a county sheriff to recruit the best officers who can work in their departments. 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13th Documentary Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 292 Downloads: 41 Date added: 2018/12/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Review Level High school Topics: African American Essay Movie Essay Did you like this example? Every person that has watched this film could confirm that the director Ava DuVernay conducts a concrete research into the American system and comes up with shocking statistics The director relies on a number of liberals and conservatives whom she interviews in an attempt to dig in about the African-American society has been affected by the prison complex in the country. The film kicks off with s shocking statistics that one out of four Black men is likely to go to prison in his lifetime. Notably, each of the interviewees is located in a location resembling an industrial setting and one that matches the themes of prison as a factory f free labor where the people of color act as slaves.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "13th Documentary Analysis" essay for you Create order The film is quick to highlight the integration between Blacks being imprisoned and the economy of the nation. Notably, although the convicted parties are questionable, most of them are imprisoned unlawfully which can be related to the increased need for labor. In the film, a number of sensitive events could be noted. The director is noted to present Reagans War on Drugs, Bill Clintons Three Strikes among others as the turning points for the continued cash-for-prisoners structure that s resulted into the generation of millions of bails and incarceration firms. These events have and are continued to evolve into the modern prison system. Since the 1940s, the curve of African-American prisoners has been rising steadily but steeply. The numbers which started rising during the Civil Rights Movements have continued to increase until the modern day. It is of paramount importance to note that the high prisoners numbers have translated into decimation of the Black families. The high number of protest for rights, the harder it is becoming to break the system.

Interpret the components of an investment plan Example

Essays on Interpret the components of an investment plan Essay Running head: GARNERS INVESTMENT PLAN Garners’ Investment Planning The Garners’ financial position before the air-conditioner broke down was unsustainable and very risky (Anon., Case study, n.d.). It speaks of living on a day-to-day basis, with no forward planning at all to take care of emergencies or meeting expenses for college education of their child or for post-retirement needs. The only asset of any realizable value is the home, even though they have still to pay about $110,000 on it, not even considering the current slump in housing sector. 2. Ideally, the Garners should strive to save 20 to 25% of their take-home pay i.e., say, about $1000 as against their current savings of $220 each month. This would work out to a cutback on expenses to the tune of $780 each month. Fixed expenses of $1385/m are reasonable and practically untouchable, while the variable expenses of $ 2915/m are disproportionately high with good scope for reduction of recreation and entertainment expenses, gifts/donations, and family clothing allowance, together accounting for $ 1280/m. Of this category, the Garners should cut down and save $780/m which is not all difficult, given the nature of these expenses. 3. The Garners have about 30 years of service life in front of them. Of this, the child’s education expenses would continue for about 10 to 12 years, after which student loan facility may be availed by the child directly and pay for it. In the subsequent 18 to 20 years, net monthly savings should increase. Hence, from the investment point of view, the goals should be separate for the near-term i.e., next 5 to 10 years, and for longer-term i.e., 10 to 30 years and beyond. Near-term investments should take care of replacing the car, child’s education, house repairs/maintenance and vacation expenses. Longer-term investments should insure financial security, clearing of home loan by the time Joe reaches the age of 50, healthcare needs and vacation expenses. 4. Time impacts the value of money for reasons of inflation and exchange rate fluctuations. Inflation eats into the value of savings. Exchange rate variations can make foreign vacations and foreign goods costlier or cheaper. It is the net return on investment, after adjusting for inflation, which determines whether an investment is building or eroding capital. For the longer-term, the need to reduce/eliminate risk of capital loss takes precedence over income generation. Capital loss can occur due to inflation and/or due to poor performance of investments. Keeping in mind the long-term goals of clearing home loan, healthcare needs and financial security after retirement, asset allocation should shift from risky high income generation to safe and stable income generation opportunities that can give a net positive return. 5. For the near-term, the Garners should invest about 70% of their savings in good quality stocks/mutual funds that would yield decent dividends to enhance income, and potentially give capital appreciation. Systematic monthly investments in mutual funds with a time horizon of at least 5 years would ensure evening out ups and downs of the stock market and give good returns. To take care of untimely death, Joe may also take additional life insurance for about 20 years term. The balance 30% should be invested in fixed income instruments like pension plans/annuity schemes, bonds or bank deposits. For the longer-term, the Garners should gradually sell out stocks/mutual funds and shift the emphasis to investments that yield steady monthly income such that by the time they retire, all their investments are practically in bonds, deposits and pension plans only. Reference Anon., (n.d.). â€Å"Case study: First budget, Then invest for success!†, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ pp.457-458.

Information Systems Analysis and Design Data Collection

Question: Discuss about the Report for Information Systems Analysis and Design of Data Collection. Answer: Introduction The project report reflects on Australian Labs, that gives lab-testing services to the customers, doctors and medical businesses in Australia. The aim of this project plan is to develop the outdated inventory tracking system for the Australian labs. This development helps them in their testing services with updated information using the barcodes. It tracks the test request of the customers. The objectives of this project plan are as follows: To develop the outdated inventory tracking system of Australian Labs To track the requests of the customers and up-to-date the system for giving efficient lab services to the clients To become familiar with both functional as well as non-functional requirements of the development of inventory tracking system To estimate the time and cost benefit of the project plan Approach to Systems Development Rapid application development: This approach is used when a system is created and it is modularized within time of two-three months (Hoffe 2012). It reduces the time of development and increases the usability of the system components. Agile methodology: It is a realistic approach towards system development. The resource requirements are less and the functionality of the system is developed rapidly. It is such an approach to software delivery, which builds software incrementally from beginning to deliver it all at one time, near the ending. System Analysis and its activities System analysis is defined as the process to observe the system for purpose of development. It requires analysis as per their propose design (Krajewski, Ritzman Malhotra 2013). The major activities of this system analysis phase are the information flow, bottlenecks identification, recommended solutions for system development and operational data. Six sources of software Sources of software Description and Comparison Information technology service firms It helps Australian Labs to develop custom information system for their internal use. Packaged software providers It never perfectly matches with needs of organization. Vendors of enterprise solution software It integrates individual traditional functions of business into modules (Coronel Morris 2016). It supports order entry process, shipping and billing. Application and managed service provider It is used for immediate access to application, when carried task is generic. Open source software It is freely available includes source code and presents same purposes as the marketable software (Kendall, Kendall Wasson 2014). In-house development If expertise of system expansion with chosen platform exists in-house, then staff develops the systems. At the time of purchase of off-the-shelf software, the organization focuses on its products and vendors with criteria of price, response time, documentation, efficiency and vendor support. In the case study, this software is used as it helps to calculate the stock, store records of customers, write reports and access to business websites. Systems Requirements Functional requirements of inventory tracking system Login into the inventory control system: The inventory can only access the system after log in using email id and password. New member register: A new member should at first register with the system by giving their personal details and then they can login into the system. View the inventory status: It allows viewing the inventory status with updated entities. Search for item: A list of items and services are there, the user can search their required item from those lists. Order item: The system captures the historical order data, display the current stock levels and allow for data validation. View sold items: The sold items are viewed using this system. Approve of request: It captures the received order and request. It also captures as well as edits the request status. Receive inventory: Shipping notification is mailed to the customers so that they can come to know that their requested order is already shipped. Pick order: A pick list is produced and created the pick list sort by the stock location. Send of mail: The system must send an email to the customers when it meets certain conditions such as placing of order, sign up of customers. Non-functional requirements of inventory tracking system Usability: The system must be easy to use by the inventory manager such that they are not required to read manuals. It must be quickly accessible. Reliability: The proposed system should give proper inventory status to the user. It can add any vendors, testing offers and provide inventory status with updated entities. Performance: The system must not lag behind. It must complete updating all the databases. All the system functions should be available to the user when they turned on the system. Project Cost Benefit Analysis Cost/Benefit Analysis for Australian Labs Year of Project year 0 year1 year 2 year 3 year 4 year 5 TOTALS Net economic benefit $0.00 $40,000.00 $40,000.00 $40,000.00 $40,000.00 $40,000.00 Discount Rate 10% 1 0.9091 0.8264 0.7513 0.6830 0.6209 PV Of Benefits $0.00 $36,363.64 $33,057.85 $30,052.59 $27,320.54 $24,836.85 NPV of all BENEFITS $0.00 $36,363.64 $69,421.49 $99,474.08 $126,794.62 $151,631.47 $151,631.47 One Time Costs $80,000.00 Recurring Costs $0.00 $25,000.00 $25,000.00 $25,000.00 $25,000.00 $25,000.00 Discount Rate 10% 1.0000 0.9091 0.8264 0.7513 0.6830 0.6209 PV Of Recurring Costs $0.00 $22,727.27 $20,661.16 $18,782.87 $17,075.34 $15,523.03 NPV Of All Costs $80,000.00 $102,727.27 $123,388.43 $142,171.30 $159,246.64 $174,769.67 $174,769.67 Overall NPV ($23,138.20) Overall ROI = (Overall NPV / NPV Of All Costs -0.13 Table 1: Cost benefit analysis Project Schedule Work breakdown structure WBS Task Name Inventory Tracking System for Australian Labs 1 Determination of system requirements 1.1 Meet with the inventory manager 1.2 Writing the system specification 1.3 Approval of the specification 2 Appoint of software vendor for the system 2.1 Identification of vendor 2.2 Analyzing the vendor 2.3 Appointment of system vendor 3 Start designing the ITS 3.1 Efficient labor management 3.2 Inventory counts 3.3 Improvement in process of installation 3.4 Completion of ITS detailed design 4 Starting to build ITS solutions 4.1 Modification of installation procedure 4.2 Design to implement the system 4.3 Testing of the system 5 Go live and support Project Schedule WBS Task Name Duration Start Finish 1 Inventory Tracking System for Australian Labs 40 days Thu 8/18/16 Wed 10/12/16 2 Determination of system requirements 9 days Thu 8/18/16 Tue 8/30/16 2.1 Meet with the inventory manager 2 days Thu 8/18/16 Fri 8/19/16 2.2 Writing the system specification 4 days Mon 8/22/16 Thu 8/25/16 2.3 Approval of the specification 3 days Fri 8/26/16 Tue 8/30/16 3 Appoint of software vendor for the system 8 days Wed 8/31/16 Fri 9/9/16 3.1 Identification of vendor 3 days Wed 8/31/16 Fri 9/2/16 3.2 Analyzing the vendor 2 days Mon 9/5/16 Tue 9/6/16 3.3 Appointment of system vendor 3 days Wed 9/7/16 Fri 9/9/16 4 Start designing the ITS 12 days Mon 9/12/16 Tue 9/27/16 4.1 Efficient labor management 2 days Mon 9/12/16 Tue 9/13/16 4.2 Inventory counts 4 days Wed 9/14/16 Mon 9/19/16 4.3 Improvement in process of installation 4 days Tue 9/20/16 Fri 9/23/16 4.4 Completion of ITS detailed design 2 days Mon 9/26/16 Tue 9/27/16 5 Starting to build ITS solutions 10 days Wed 9/28/16 Tue 10/11/16 5.1 Modification of installation procedure 2 days Wed 9/28/16 Thu 9/29/16 5.2 Design to implement the system 5 days Fri 9/30/16 Thu 10/6/16 5.3 Testing of the system 3 days Fri 10/7/16 Tue 10/11/16 6 Go live and support 1 day Wed 10/12/16 Wed 10/12/16 Figure 1: Gantt chart (Source: Created by author) System goals The system goal is to reduce the stock outs of the inventory. It also reviews the total selling of their items on daily basis (Power, Sharda Burstein 2015). The inventory tracking system should meet with its accuracy level. System requirements The system helps to login the registered user to check for inventory orders. It also helps to deal with the queries of customers. System scope The system scope is to develop the old inventory tracking system so that it meets with system requirements of Australian Labs. It also gives automatic inventory items in an efficient manner (Chang 2016). Discussion The schedule of the project plan is reasonable, as the main aim is to end the entire plan with estimated time. System Information Requirement Investigation Techniques Stakeholders involved The internal stakeholders are employees, inventory manager, board of directors and investors. The external stakeholders are consumers, suppliers and regulators. Three traditional techniques to collect information during analysis Observing users: It involves on observing people to analyze their working. Direct observation is best when detailed procedures are documented. This technique is scientific as it helps to collect primary information (Afergan et al. 2015). The main aim of this method is that it gives detailed analysis, which helps to achieve the organizational goals. Administer Questionnaire: It involves with designing of questions as well as determines who are responding to it. It is best when most of people are involved. Document Analysis: It identifies written procedures, reports as well as other documents to identify the data that would target the current system (Baskerville Wood-Harper 2016). Usefulness of the mentioned traditional techniques Observing users: It accesses to the situations when the questions as well as interviews are impossible to conduct. It is also strong on validity as well as in-depth understanding of the analysis. It is a direct method for collecting the data as well as information. The data, which are collected using this technique, is very reliable (Chang Seibert 2016). It improves over the precision of the research outcomes. Administer questionnaire: It gives practical data and large amount of data are gathered from large figure of population in very short period (Dennis, Wixom Tegarden 2015). The outcome of this questionnaire technique is that it gives quantified results by use of software package and researcher. Document Analysis: This method is used to investigate decision-making and allocation of resources (Kersting 2012). It overcomes with the difficulties of the participation by encouraging them. The data are collected from the academic literature, manuals and guides help them to collect accurate data. Reflections and Conclusions From the project plan report, the author achieves a new developed inventory tracking information system for the Australian Labs so that they can meet with the system requirements of the lab. The possible constraints are time and budget. Within the estimated time and budget, all the activities should be carried out so that they can able to complete the project in time. It is concluded that the proposed system should be useful for the customers as it gives them information about timely delivery of their order. It also gives accurate information on their queries. The system updates all the information and makes the customers updated with current information. References Afergan, MM, Leighton, FT, Johnson, TP, Mancuso, BJ Iwamoto, KG Akamai Technologies, Inc., 2015,Method of data collection among participating content providers in a distributed network. U.S. Patent 8,972,530. Baskerville, RL Wood-Harper, AT 2016, A critical perspective on action research as a method for information systems research. InEnacting Research Methods in Information Systems: Volume 2(pp. 169-190). Springer International Publishing. Chang, JF 2016,Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press. Chang, W Seibert, JH Crashlytics, Inc., 2016,System and method for data collection and analysis of information relating to mobile applications. U.S. Patent 9,262,250. Coronel, C Morris, S 2016,Database systems: design, implementation, management. Cengage Learning. Dennis, A, Wixom, BH Tegarden, D 2015,Systems analysis and design: An object-oriented approach with UML. John Wiley Sons. Hoffer, JA, 2012,Modern Systems Analysis and Design, 6/e. Pearson Education India. Kendall, KE, Kendall, JE Wasson, CS 2014,Systems analysis and design(Vol. 19, p. 02). Year Prentice Hall, 2011. Kersting, WH 2012,Distribution system modeling and analysis. CRC press. Krajewski, LJ, Ritzman, LP Malhotra, MK 2013,Operations management: processes and supply chains. New York: Pearson. Power, DJ, Sharda, R Burstein, F 2015,Decision support systems. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Stadtler, H 2015, Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Web Class Room Essay Example For Students

Web Class Room Essay How to Go From Class-Room to Web-Room as Painlessly as Possible1.0 ABSTRACT Getting your course onto the World Wide Web (WWW) is best doneusing a systematic approach. There are a number of steps that need to be takenprior to starting any of the actual web work. Meetings should be held withvarious groups within your institution. Once the actual coursework is begun,there are some essential components and some optional components. There arespecific skills and talents that you either need to acquire or you need toaccess. Each web-based course is unique, but they often have many components incommon. Some are essential, others may be optional. Resources can be found onyour campus, from the many web companies and from the web itself. 2.0 KEY WORDS World Wide Web, WWW, Distance Education, HTML, Web-BasedInstruction3.0 INTRODUCTION The number of degree credit courses available on the WorldWide Web (WWW) has increased at the same astonishing rate as other activities onthe WWW. There are some specific steps that can be taken that will help totransport the professor from the idea stage to the delivery of a course over theWWW. Also, just like any other educational technology, web-based instructionworks better for some situations than others. Web-based instruction is usefulwhen you want to create a virtual environment which is not easily or, perhaps,safely accessible. An example is sending learners to a virtual nuclear lab or ona virtual tour of the Louver in Paris. 4.0 WEB BASED INSTRUCTION Web-based instruction it allows learners to gainknowledge and skill more effectively than traditional methods. Simplytransferring material such as lecture notes to the web is not using thetechnology to its best advantage. Lengthy text such as lecture notes are, infact, best printed because most learners experience eye strain and sensorydisinterest reading long passages of text on a screen. Some specific situationstend to lend themselves to web-based instruction. 4.1 Encouraging CommunicationYou want to encourage communication through conferencing. Through internetconferencing learners may participate in discussions or group work with oneanother with or without the participation of the instructor. Role plays,simulations of historical events and debates are also examples of how learningcan be facilitated through the conferencing option. 4.2 Accessing SourceDocuments You want learners to use source documents to completeassignments such as conducting an analysis or designing a project. These sourcedocuments may not be readily available to learners or perhaps, based on theassignment, will not be equally significant to all the learners. For example,you may ask learners to research and analyze issues pertaining to Canadianelections. To complete the assignment, various learners may access archivedinformation such as newspaper and journal articles which specifically relate totheir particular interest or point of view. One example is a site operated bythe University of Victoria (http://web Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay8.0 RESOURCES (This list does not constitute an endorsement on anyones part. These resources are a jumping off points to help you get your course on theweb.) Please do not overlook the many resources on your own campus. 8.1 Myresources page This site has links to courses, resources, helper sites that aidyou in choosing which type and format of media to use, sites that check yourHTML for errors or idiosyncrasies, and much more. http://www.unb.ca/web/wwwdev/resources.html8.2 Conferences, on-line or face-to-face NAWeb 98 The Virtual Campus (October3-6, 1998). This international conference is in its fourth year. It is intendedsolely for those developing courseware for delivery on the WWW or for thosedelivering courseware over the WWW. http://www.unb.ca/web/wwwdev/naweb98/ 8.3Books, listservs and associations Badrul Khans Web-Based Instruction (EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 1997) is quite good. I host theWWWDEV listserv. This listserv hosts the NAWeb conferences, and has 1400 membersfrom around the world developing for delivery over t he WWW or actuallydelivering courseware over the WWW. http://www.unb.ca/web/wwwdev/ The DEOSNEWSlistserv is involved in all aspects of distance education. You can join that oneby sending this message SUBSCRIBE DEOSNEWS your name to This is who and what they are: DEOS-L is a service provided to the DistanceEducation community by The American Center for the Study of Distance Education,The Pennsylvania State University. Opinions expressed are those of DEOS-Lsubscribers, and do not constitute endorsement of any opinion, product, orservice by ACSDE or Penn State. The Canadian Association for Distance Education(CADE) can often help http://www.cade-aced.ca/ The Association for Media andTechnology in Education Canada (AMTEC) is another favorite of mine. http://www.camosun.bc.ca/~amtec/Use every and any resource you can. Join groups for support, and support othersin similar projects. This is a rapidly emerging field, and it is evolving andgrowing just as fast as it is emerging. 8.4 Other He re is where you add ideasyou pick up at the conference. BibliographyThis site has links to courses, resources, helper sites that aid you inchoosing which type and format of media to use, sites that check your HTML forerrors or idiosyncrasies, and much more. http://www.unb.ca/web/wwwdev/resources.html8.2 Conferences, on-line or face-to-face NAWeb 98 The Virtual Campus (October3-6, 1998). This international conference is in its fourth year. It is intendedsolely for those developing courseware for delivery on the WWW or for thosedelivering courseware over the WWW. http://www.unb.ca/web/wwwdev/naweb98/ 8.3Books, listservs and associations Badrul Khans Web-Based Instruction (EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 1997) is quite good. I host theWWWDEV listserv. This listserv hosts the NAWeb conferences, and has 1400 membersfrom around the world developing for delivery over the WWW or actuallydelivering courseware over the WWW. http://www.unb.ca/web/wwwdev/ The DEOSNEWSlistserv is involved in all aspects of distance educatio n. You can join that oneby sending this message SUBSCRIBE DEOSNEWS your name to This is who and what they are: DEOS-L is a service provided to the DistanceEducation community by The American Center for the Study of Distance Education,The Pennsylvania State University. Opinions expressed are those of DEOS-Lsubscribers, and do not constitute endorsement of any opinion, product, orservice by ACSDE or Penn State. The Canadian Association for Distance Education(CADE) can often help http://www.cade-aced.ca/ The Association for Media andTechnology in Education Canada (AMTEC) is another favorite of mine. http://www.camosun.bc.ca/~amtec/Use every and any resource you can. Join groups for support, and support othersin similar projects. This is a rapidly emerging field, and it is evolving andgrowing just as fast as it is emerging. 8.4 Other Here is where you add ideasyou pick up at the conference.